Comet's naming method

1995 years ago, the comet is in accordance with the annual found that the order of arrangement of the English lower case. 1994, discovered a comet 1994a, infer that, after a period of observation to determine the comet's orbit and fix it over the priorities of the perihelion of the comet, came in the years after the Roman numerals Ⅰ, Ⅱ (This number is usually two years after the end of the year to compile). Shoemaker? Levy 9 comet number for 1993e and 1994 Ⅹ.
In addition to the number, some comets are usually discoverer surname named. Comet can labeled three discoverer's name, the English name of the Shoemaker Levy 9 comet Shoemaker-Levy 9.
From 1995, the nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union Reference asteroid, comet ID law in two weeks for the unit, in alphabetical order. I and Z do not have removed all of the letters of the English alphabetical order of the remaining 24, such as the first half of January as A, January second half for B thus infer to December second half for Y.
And then
  Comet
The comet discovered 1,2,3 .. digital serial arrangement of the same month and a half. Furthermore, in order to facilitate the identification comet status of the serial numbers marked:
A / might as asteroids
P / confirm return of a more short-period comet P in front of the table number on a periodic comet (as Halley's Comet 1P/1982 U1 or referred 1P also)
C / long-period comets (more than 200-year cycle, such as Haile Bopp Comet C/1995 O1)
X / not yet calculated the orbital elements of the comet
D / the longer regression or comet may have disappeared (such as Shoemaker? Levy 9 comet D / 1993 F2)
Attached S / satellite of the newly discovered planet
If the comet is broken, split into more than the nucleus, together with the number and then-A,-B .. to distinguish each nucleus. Return of the comet aspects, such as the comet again observed regression in P / (or may be the D /) mark again before plus a serial number given by the IAU Minor Planet Center, in order to avoid the return of the comet. For example, the following tag: 1P/1682 Q1 = 1P/1910 A2 = 1P/1982 U1 = 1P/Halley = Halley's Comet in Halley's Comet.

Comet's Structure

The comet does not have a fixed volume, it is away from the sun, a small volume; close to the sun, coma becomes larger and larger, the tail becomes longer, the volume becomes enormous. Tail longest actually up to more than 200 million kilometers. The comet quality is very small, The average density of the nucleus of one gram per cubic centimeter. Coma and tail of the material is extremely thin, its quality accounted for only 1% to 5% of the quality, or even smaller. The comet substance is mainly composed of water, ammonia, methane, cyanide, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc., the nucleus by condensing into ice water, and carbon dioxide (dry ice), ammonia and dust particles mixed composition "dirty snowball"! General comet is composed by two parts of the comet head and tail. The comet head including the two parts of the comet nucleus and coma. From 1920 sounding rockets, satellites and spacecraft after detection of the comet at close range, and surrounded by a giant cloud of some comets out of coma by a layer of hydrogen atoms, known as the "coma cloud" or "hydrogen cloud". So we can say that the comet head to the actual composition of the nucleus, coma and coma cloud. The comet nucleus is the the comet most central, most essential, the most important part. Generally considered to be solid, and is composed of stones, iron, dust and ammonia, methane, and ice. The small diameter of the comet nucleus, a few kilometers to a dozen kilometers, only a few hundred meters. Coma: the nucleus of gas and dust around the planet like mist. Radius of up to hundreds of thousands of kilometers, the average density of less than a billionth of a billionth of one of the Earth's atmospheric density (about 1 g / cc). Through spectral and radio observations, the coma gas main ingredient is neutral molecules and atoms, including hydrogen, hydroxy, oxygen, sulfur, carbon, carbon monoxide, an amino, cyano, is satisfied, etc., and also found that a relatively complex cyanide hydrogen (HCN) and methyl cyanide (CH3CN) compound. These gases flowing outward from the center to an average of 1-3 km / sec velocity. Coma cloud: cloud by hydrogen atoms in the coma, it is also known as the hydrogen cloud. Up to 100 million to 10 million kilometers in diameter, but some comet coma cloud. According to the characteristics of the shape and composition of the comet head, can be divided into the "no-fat comet head, bulbs shaped comet head, anchor-shaped coma head and so on. The tail of the comet close to the sun about 300 million kilometers (2 astronomical units) began to appear, gradually from small to great changes long. When the comet perihelion (comets come from the sun that) away from the sun, the tail gradually smaller until no. The general direction of the tail always carrying the extension of the sun, when the comet close to the sun, the comet tail trailing behind, when the comet from the sun to flee, the tail has become a leading. Tail of the large volume, but the material is very thin.Tail length, width, the general tail length of between 10 million to 150 million one thousand meters, and some much longer surprising, across half the sky, such as the 1842 Ⅰ comet's tail as long as 320 million kilometers, extending from the sun to the orbit of Mars. General tail width between 6000-8000 km, most of the 24 million meters wide, the narrowest of only 2,000 kilometers. The size of the repulsion according to the shape of the tail of the sun, the tail is divided into two major categories. A class for "ion tail" by the plasma gas composition, such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon, hydrogen group, and other ionizable molecule. Such relatively straight, thin and long tail, so-called "gas tail or tail type I Other for the dust tail is composed of dust, yellow dust repulsion the sun photon radiation pressure to form. The tail is bent, bending larger, wide, referred to as II-type impeller; maximum bending process, and the short, wide, referred to as III-type impeller.In addition, there is something called the "abnormal tail, the tail extends toward the solar system, the direction of the fan-or spike-like. Usually a comet tail of the two or more different types.

The comet's orbit

The comet's orbit is an ellipse, parabola, hyperbola three.

Elliptical orbit of the comet also known periodic comet, the other two tracks is also called non-period comets. Periodic comet is divided into short-period comets, and the long-period comets. The general comet by the comet head and tail. The comet head containing the nucleus and coma two parts, and some even coma cloud. Not all comet has a nucleus, coma, tail structure. Ancient China to the morphology of the comet has a great deal of research in the Western Han tombs unearthed in Mawangdui silk manuscripts on painting 29 comets plans. Jin astronomical annals clearly shows that the comet will not shine due to reflected sunlight, as we have seen, and the tail of a comet in the direction away from the sun. Of a large body of the comet, but its quality is pitifully small, and even the the large comet quality is not the ten-thousandth of the Earth. Since comets are frozen with various impurities, dust, away from the sun, it's just a small cloudy spots; close to the sun, due to the evaporation of the solidified body, gasification, swelling, eruption, it on the tail of a comet. Tail volume dramatically, up to hundreds of millions of kilometers. It shapes, some of the more than one's general extends to deviate from the direction of the sun, and closer to the sun tail longer. The great number of comets in the universe, but observed only about 1600. Very different from the comet's orbit, the orbit of the planet, it is very flat oval, some even parabolic or hyperbolic orbits. Comet of the orbit is elliptical regularly return to the sun around, called a periodic comet; comet orbit is parabolic or hyperbolic, life can only close to the sun once Once departed, never to return, referred to as non-periodic comet type of comet perhaps originally not a solar system members, they are just from outside our solar system passing accidentally broke into the solar system, and later hesitate to return to the vast depths of the universe. The cycle is divided into short-period comets (orbital period shorter than 200 years around the sun) and long-period (orbital period of over 200 years around the sun) comet.
Has calculated more than 600 comets orbit. Comet's orbit may be affected by the influence of the planets, produce changes. When the comet by planetary impact of accelerated, its orbit will become flat, and even become parabolic or hyperbolic, so that the comet from the solar system;, the eccentricity of the orbit will be smaller when the deceleration of the comet, so that the long-period comets change for short-period comets, even from non-periodic comet becomes periodic comet so capture.

Observation of Comet

In the past, except very far away from the sun, the comet's long, bright sparse tail, this gives people the impression that the comet is very close to the earth, even in our atmosphere. 1577 Tycho pointed to different locations when viewed from the Earth, the comet does not show the orientation is different: his right to come they must be very far from the conclusion. Comet belongs to the small bodies of the solar system. Whenever comet close to the sun, its brightness rapidly enhanced. The observations of the comet far from the sun along highly elongated elliptical motion, and the sun is a focus of the ellipse, Kepler's first law. The comet most of the time running in a place far from the sun, where they are invisible. Only when they are close to the sun to see. About of 40 comet orbital period is relatively short (less than 100 years), so they have emerged as one day experience.
A first observed appeared one after another of the same celestial Halley's Comet in 1705, Newton's friends and donors Harley (1656, 1742) recognize that it is cyclical. Its period is 76 years. The historical record shows that since 240 BC may also come from 466 years BC, through the sun each time it is observed in the. It last passed in 1986. The brightness of the comet far from the sun is low, and its spectrum is simply reflected the sun's spectrum. Comets entering less than astronomical units from the sun eight, its brightness began to grow rapidly, and the spectrum is changing dramatically. Scientists see several bright lines are known molecular. This change occurs because the composition of the comet's solid material (nucleus) suddenly becomes hot enough to evaporation and nucleus surrounded by a cloud of gas called the coma. Caused by the sun's UV luminous gas. Coma diameter is usually about 105 kilometers, but the tail is often very long, up to 108 km or 1 astronomical unit.
Scientists estimate that generally only a few astronomical units of the comet close to the sun distance in thousands of years

The comet strikes (20) to collapse. In 1066, the Norman invasion of Britain on the eve of regression coincided with Halley's Comet. At that time, people had a complex mood, watching the night sky Fengyun strange celestial dragging a long tail, considered to be a war warning given by God and foreshadowing. Later, the Normans conquered Britain, Norman commander's wife when Halley's Comet regression scene embroidered on a tapestry to commemorate. Chinese folk banished the comet known as the "jinx", "bane". The comet appeared and the world of war, famine, flood, pestilence and other disasters linked things like this, there are many Chinese and foreign history. Comet in prolate track (a handful around the sun in a nearly circular orbit) on a quality smaller cloudy Small Bodies

Where comets come from?

In addition to the periodic comet, and constantly open or closed orbit comet visits the inner solar system. New comets come from? This issue will be talked about from the formation of the solar system.
The origin of the solar system:
The predecessor of the solar system, a gas cloud of gas and dust, the cloud may be 4.6 billion years ago, a supernova explosion shock wave compression, start slowly rotating trap shrunk discoid, the center of the disc is young sun. The disk of gas clouds particles collide with each other, there is a considerable ratio of material condensed into planets and their satellites, and another part of the remnants of clouds substances condense into a comet.

When the solar system was young, the comet may be seen everywhere, these comets are often associated with the beginning of the formation of the planets collided with a far-reaching impact on the growth and evolution of young planets. A large amount of water on Earth, may be the heritage of many comets collided with the young Earth, the water and later gave birth to a wide range of life in the Earth.

More than four billion years after the formation of the solar system, comets near the area of ​​the center of the solar system, or collide with the sun, planets and moons, or by evaporation of the solar radiation, has disappeared till the best, we are now seeing the comet from the edge of the solar system . Assuming residual comet material in the outer solar system, after billions of years has not changed, the study of these comets, help to understand the original chemical composition and state of the solar system.


The comet's hometown:
The theory is now widely accepted by astronomers, the big family of the solar system, including the nine planets and the outer Kuiper Belt and the Oort cloud. The long-period comets may come from the Oort cloud and short-period comets from the Kuiper belt.

Oort cloud theory:
In 1950, Dutch astronomer Jan Oort fullerene zone between 30,000 AU A light from the sun, hundreds of trillions of comets exist, these comets residues in the formation of the solar system. Some Oort comet occasionally by passing stars or collisions between each other, apart from the original track. Most-orbiting comet, never entered the large telescopes can detect the distance. Only a small number of comets into the inner solar system, with a wide range of orbital. But so far the the theoretical Oort cloud is only assumed that there is no direct observational evidence.



Kuiper Belt:
Oort cloud theory can be a reasonable interpretation of the arbitrariness of the angle between the source of long-period comets and comet with yellow pavement. Short of the comet's orbit in the orbital plane of the planets in our solar system, the Oort cloud theory can not reasonably answer the origin of short-period comets.

In 1951, the American astronomer Gerard Kuiper proposed a Kuiper Belt between 30 to 100 AU from the Sun (or called the Kuyper belt), to bring many of ice orbiting the sun, these ice orbital plane of the planets similar Occasionally, some of the Kuiper Belt objects by the gravity of the outer planets disturbance and traction, while running to the direction of the sun, crossed the orbit of Neptune, and further influenced by Neptune's gravity, and become short-period comets into the inner solar system.

Astronomer David Jewitt and Jane Luu since 1988, can detect very dim objects, high-sensitivity electronic cameras to find Kuiper Belt objects. They found in 1992, the first such objects (1992 QB1), 1992 QB1 291 years away from the average distance of the sun's 43AU, revolution cycle. Often referred to as Kuiper Belt objects beyond Neptune celestial the (List the Of Transneptunian Objects). 1992-2002, and one after another they found over 600 Kuiper Belt objects (the latest list can be found in the MPC's List Of Transneptunian Objects). At this stage, the astronomers think Pluto, Charon and Triton may have been into the inner solar system's Kuiper Belt Objects, and recently discovered the the melon Alvareaux (Quaoar), its size is about half of the Pluto.

Introduction of Comet

Comets are special objects of the solar system and the majority of their orbit is a parabola, a small number of extremely narrow elliptical or hyperbolic, elliptical orbit of the comet, periodically appear near the sun. However, the long-period comet's orbit and the ecliptic plane any angle between.

Comets want to near from the sun will be found, rarely visible comet opportunity, when the forecast bright comet appeared comet observations of the general public, often provoked boom. About the size of the core of the comet within tens of kilometers, to attract the attention and it is really not a ratio.

Like the brightness of comets such as Comet Hyakutake, an average of every two, three decades a. Predict new is extremely difficult to find the next possible brightness of the comet, and only in accordance with past experience coupled with some imagination, were roughly the comet when the Earth is closest to the possible brightness. Comet Hale-Bopp (April 5, 1996), about seven hundred million kilometers away from Earth or about 5AU, its brightness is about 8.6 magnitude, according to the astronomers estimated luminosity curve development, 22 March 1997 day recently Earth distance, the luminosity of up to 0.4 magnitude, then likely will set off another wave of comet heat. Can see the comet in the Earth's night sky, please refer to the website of Comets and Meteor Showers.

The naming of the comet
Generally comet comet sub growth cycle (long-periodic comet) and short-period comets (long-periodic comet). The cycle is less than 200 years for the short-period comets, most of such comets orbit the same plane of the solar system. Long-period comet's orbit and the angle between the plane of the solar system, to any point of view, such as the angle of Comet Hyakutake is about 124 degrees, the Hale-Bopp comet, an angle of 89 degrees.

Besides named after the discoverer, the scientific name of the long-period comets (proper name) are named according to the year and month of the discovery by the International Astronomical Union (International Astronomical Union). International Astronomical Union annual twelve months subdivided into the first half and the second half of each of the 24 letters of the alphabet except "I" and "Z" calibration, such as Comet Hale-Bopp (a period of about 3,000 years) found On 23 July 1995, and for the second half of the first one discovered comet scientific name C/1995 O1. Comet Hyakutake (a period of about two million years) was found on January 30, 1996, is found in the second half of the second comet called C/1996 B2, it is learned. The short-period comets are often named after the name of the discoverer, such as Halley's Comet (cycle 76), known as P / Halley.



The nature and structure of the comet
Called comets as "dirty snowballs" or "dust ball" are quite appropriate. Comet far from the sun by the solar radiation, evaporation is not yet significant, referred to as the solid part of the comet nucleus (nucleus of), is mainly composed of dust, rocks, ice and condensed into solid ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, etc. compounds.

The main structure of the comet nucleus, coma and tail. The size of the nucleus, which is normally in the tens of kilometers. The latest microwave radar data show that the the the Hyakutake comet's nucleus surprisingly small, ranging between one kilometer and three kilometers. The nucleus of Halley's Comet in about ten kilometers Schwassman-Wachmann, short-period comets nucleus as much as 40 km.

When the comet near the sun, by irradiation of the sun's light and heat, gas adsorption condensed substances and solid is evaporated, reflecting sunlight air mass formed in the nucleus peripheral called the coma (coma), nucleus and collectively known as the coma of the comet head. At this point, it sizes up to 100,000 km.

When the comet is very close to the sun, coma substances subject to solar radiation and the solar wind took its toll, forcing partial coma substances to deviate from the direction of the sun flowing, long hair-like tail (tail) tail is usually far from the sun, However, It is the Silk Book comet Figure, the shape of the coma and tail were highly variable, and tail can be subdivided into the dust tail (dust tail) and the ion tail (ion tail) in two parts. Tail length of up to several million kilometers or even hundreds of millions of kilometers long.

Tail material is also thinner than the laboratory vacuum, basically on Earth should not have any effect, but if any comet with Earth head-on crash, is another matter. 1908 in mysterious bombings in the forests of central Siberia (Tunguska event), many astronomers believe, is caused by a 50-100 m diameter comet or comet fragment exploded above the forest.

Datun volcanic eruption without endangering the Taipei

Earth a researcher at the Academia Sinica, Chen Zhonghua, said yesterday that the Datun volcano group activities like "sleeping volcano may erupt, currently in a dormant state.

Academia Sinica host the first World Research Conference, the Chen Zhonghua study volcanic ash deposited in the Taipei area, found Datun volcanic eruption in the past two million years, a total of four, and last about six thousand years ago, in line with the definition of internationally active volcano .

He said that the extinct volcano, the active volcano defined the volcanic easily misunderstood volcanic characteristics to the "active" and "inactive" distinction is more accurate. Active volcano eruption might, but that does not mean the danger of an immediate eruption, should strengthen monitoring and prepare for Disaster Reduction ".

Chen Zhonghua said, to volcanic magma activity status and past record of view, even if Datun volcano eruption, the affected area should also not be extended to the entire Taipei.

Researcher at the Academia Sinica Institute of Earth Sciences, Cheng-Horng Lin said, the volcano is divided into an active volcano, an extinct volcano, dormant volcano. Active volcanoes on behalf of eruptions or magma activities under a million years; extinct volcano magma or heat is no longer there, dormant volcano is quiet for a long time, but there are likely eruption.

He said that the the Datun volcano academia multi dormant active volcanoes. The National Science Council and other units established Datun Volcano Observatory, add inclinometer, crustal uplift changes can be detected.

Faster GPS predict tsunami

German researchers today quoted earthquake data in Japan last year, compared to the current alarm system, global positioning system (GPS) can provide more rapid tsunami warning.

Germany Earth Science Research Center (GFZ) in Potsdam (Potsdam) scientists Barbados Kou (Andrey Babeyko) statement: "Fukushima earthquake events, we analyzed over 500 GPS tracking stations and proposed seismic scale numerical 9, and after the earthquake, only 3-4 minutes to accurately predict the earthquake could trigger tsunami. "

He added, "once again shows the GPS has the potential tsunami early warning.

Scientists meeting in Vienna, the European Geosciences Union (EGU) for one week on the findings.

The researchers said that, near the coast of the earthquake, tsunami accompanied attacks on land in a short period after 20-30 minutes, but the GPS in the earthquake measured near-zero-day, so you can more quickly assess the seismic scale.

They pointed out that the traditional measurement methods require a long time to come to the correct data, and often underestimate earthquake scale outset.

Antarctic ice melting: warm ocean currents to melt the ice below

Multinational research team study concluded that warm ocean currents, flowing through Antarctic ice shelf is the main cause of the Antarctic ice ice loss, this discovery will enable scientists to make more accurate predictions of future sea level rise on the 25th.

With the U.S. Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of ice, clouds, senior terrestrial satellite (Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite, ICESat) to obtain information on auxiliary accompanied by a computer model, the researchers were able to distinguish by the melting ice shelf two major forces: the warm current from the sea, under the lead under the ice to melt, and the other is due to the result of warm air above the ice shelf to melt.

Moderator of the research project, the British Antarctic Survey, (British Antarctic Survey) Hamish Pritchard said: "no melting glaciers at the top of the snow by the summer sun, warm ocean currents from the next, near a very large number of ice in order to melt away." He pointed out, "The real interesting glacier sensitivity of this phenomenon some ice shelf thinning of the year a few meters, causing glaciers year discharge billions of tons of ice to the sea this phenomenon proves the importance of the ice shelf on the slow glacial speed; Glacier ice ice bed to be able to control the loss of Antarctic ice bed. "

Researchers collected by instruments installed in ICESat laser light 4.5 million pen laser ranging data, drawn out to cover almost the entire thickness of the floating ice shelf of Antarctica change, showing the trend of the entire continent of ice shelf melting.

54 ice shelf map data the 20 ice shelf (the majority located in West Antarctica) ice beneath the warm ocean current flows through the melt, recharge these thin ice shed further accelerate the inland glaciers flow to the sea, so that accelerated sea level rise more ice into the sea.

In the last 5 years of the study period (October 2003 - October), the study found that this causes in marine ice thinning the driving force, to become the largest and most rapidly the main reason for the loss of the West Antarctic ice.

This study was conducted by belonging to the British Antarctic Survey, (located at the University of Cambridge), the Netherlands, Utrecht University, University of California, San Diego, and Oregon non-profit organization "Earth and Space Research (Earth and Space Research) scientists have jointly completed and the results published in the journal Nature.

Scientists use time series to draw 4.5 million pen space telemetry data collected by ICESat covering almost the entire Antarctic continent floating ice shelf thickness variation map. They measure the change in the height of the ice shelf over time, and the use of a computer model to remove the image of snowfall and other natural factors on changes in ice height. The researchers also used the tidal patterns to estimate the impact of tidal height variation of the ice.

"This study presents a space telemetry is a powerful tool to study Earth phenomena." Tom Wagner, NASA's cryosphere program (cryosphere program) scientist, said: "Together with other NASA gravity backtracking and Climate Experiment (GRACE ) land ice data from satellite radar and aircraft come, we change the ice bed will get more comprehensive information, this information will help to estimate sea level rise. "

The past, most of the use of satellite radar data to estimate the changes in ice shelves and glaciers, but laser ranging will be more precise detection of the thickness of the ice shelf changes over time. This will be more true rendering of the topography of the coastal area. Is difficult to the sense measured floating ice shelf and the boundaries of land ice Baseline (grounding line) because of the low resolution radar.

ICESat is the first one designed to study the Earth's polar regions, and the use of laser ranging technology satellite. Its service constitutes for 2003 to 2009; successor ICESat-2 satellite is scheduled to launch in 2016. This study uncovered ICESat-2 satellite launch an urgent need; limited knowledge we impact of global climate change in the polar, no other scientist Jay Zwally of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (Goddard Space Flight Center) things like satellite telemetry to monitor these changes.

The study will also occur during the ice bottom, ice shelves and glaciers accelerated change caused by the operation of the regional wind, ice melting phenomenon observed link. Pritchard said, "Studies show that the Antarctic wind change due to climate change, which affects the strength and direction of ocean currents, and thus render the funnel-like warm water in the bottom of the ice floes. These studies and our findings are presented Antarctic glacier response to climate change and rapid change. "

Example of the Antarctic Peninsula to explain the impact of the wind. Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica on a strip of land mass, a land mass orientation Chaoxiangna United States. This study shows that the Peninsula's largest ice shelf thinning snowmelt explain summer warm air through the surface of the ice shelf. To explain the change in the trend of melting ice melting ice phenomenon and summer of the Antarctic Peninsula sea-borne wind trend.

This study is part of the international community in order to further understand the interaction between ice and climate, sea level rise and more reliable sources of information.

The host David Vaughan of the EU-funded research projects of ice into the sea "(ice2sea program), the main contribution of this study is that a clear presentation of the bed of ice in Antarctica losing ice because in recent years. But more importantly, the future, the key is to understand the oceans to predict changes in the ice bed. Perhaps we should not only seek answers from the air of the Antarctic continent, should know more about surround sea.

IBEX Finds No Bow ‘Shock’ Outside our Solar System

For many years, scientists thought, when the entire solar system through interstellar space, which moves in front of the circle of the sun, like jet breaking the sound barrier, a sonic boom, most front-end by a layer of bow type shock wave banner head array. Unexpectedly the NASA IBEX No. detection satellites latest discovery turned out to be the moving speed of the solar circle in interstellar space is probably too slow, not form a bow wave, instead it would be better to say - more like amplitude and force more gentle many to wake (wake).
The chair relevant research researcher said, many observations in the past we have seen stellar travels, most front-end has a bow-type shock wave, the team's latest discovery, however, is placed under the entire interaction seems, did not reach the speed of the sun the formation of the bow shock wave threshold required threshold, sculptors, such as boats glide in the water in bow position will wake, but it seems more vividly depicted in the scene in front of the sun circle!

Help researchers find more solar system near the strength of the interplanetary magnetic field data from the IBEX return information. IBEX data show, the sun circle is actually about 83,000 kilometers per hour moving through the local interstellar cloud, more than originally estimated hour slower, about 11,000 km are insufficient because such speed and force called the "bow shock" So, in other words, the bow wave disappeared.

On the other hand, the magnetic pressure of the interstellar medium have some effect. Whether spacecraft the IBEX data or the early explorers, both observations need more speed to the strength of the magnetic field of the interstellar medium near term, in order to produce a bow shock wave. Under the combination of the two factors, the conclusion is: the bow wave in the extremely unlikely form.

Conclusion consistent with the results of this observation, and previous ESA CLUSTER plan obtained that the bow-type shock wave should be "quite superficial" (see related news http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index . cfm? fobjectid = 49637). IBEX research team in addition to analysis calculated according to the observations of the return, and these data combined with the model and numerical simulation to infer that draw the necessary conditions for a bow-type shock wave which, currently, two independent teams of ball type model analysis results coincide with each other.

These new findings make us bring significantly improved understanding of the circle of the sun? The IBEX staff now What is the significance of that latest information for the solar system circle the sun still too early to say, as long as several decades, scientists have been a the various assumptions scene with bow-type shock wave conditions, including research, must new data sets into study redo the job. So far, we already know how cosmic rays surrounds the solar system, the solar system, how to move forward in the interstellar universe, and how the interaction between human space travel are crucial knowledge message.

The asteroid into the atmosphere

October 6 last year, astronomers found a 4 meters long and weighing about 83 tons of asteroid 2008 TC3, the calculation results show that, 2008TC3 chance of colliding with Earth as much as 100%. At this time, arrived at the asteroid from the Earth's atmosphere is only 19 hours before. However, in the asteroid entered the atmosphere after the combustion exhausted, residues falling in the Nubian Desert in northern Sudan, about 30 kilometers outside, the scattered wreckage of a number of asteroids and weighing about 3.95 kilograms. 

 This is the first time scientists are tracking the course of asteroids colliding with Earth. Scientists believe that in 1908 and swept the Tunguska forest in Siberia large asteroid celestial bodies in general, may be every 200 years the Earth will be hit first. Once the asteroid entered Earth's atmosphere, colliding with Earth after the explosion or disintegration occurs. Such as an asteroid exploded in a city or directly over the collision will lead to a devastating disaster. 

 Astronomers pointed out that although the number of science fiction movies of asteroids colliding with Earth would, in fact, the possibility of asteroids colliding with Earth exist. For the existence of threatening to destroy the asteroid is very necessary, but such a threatening asteroid, or even more complex than the movie. 

 Best to avoid such a disaster is to change the asteroid crashed into Earth orbit. 

 Space Shuttle Discovery's safe return to Earth 

 ● The United States space shuttle Discovery, landed safely on the 28th the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the successful completion of the delivery to the International Space Station components and solar panels bracket task. 

 Discovery Time in the Central Plains at 3:14 on the 29th to land because of bad weather than the scheduled time for more than an hour late. 

 Discovery's trip is the first space shuttle flight this year. Time of the next space shuttle flight is tentatively scheduled to present on May 12. 

 Obama video greetings from the International Space Station astronauts connection 

 ● Barack Obama President of the United States, on the 24th and the International Space Station astronauts on the 10 video connections, greeting each other with questions. In the call, the International Space Station Commander Mike? Fink told Obama, a space station orbit the earth every 90 minutes around every 24 hours to see the sunrise 16. 

 Sandra female astronauts? Magnus, in November last year, started work at the space station, Barack Obama in the video signal, to see her because of weight loss and long hair in the air being released into the atmosphere. Obama asked: "long hair in the space station trouble? Want to cut point? Popular short hair." Magnus replied: "honestly, I cut hair look good, so long insisted on staying . " 

 This is the first time since Barack Obama became president talk with astronauts. Obama connection with the day with the astronauts, as well as primary and secondary school students from Washington, their own question: "What astronauts eat?" "Can play in space electric?" "There are few stars in space?" "What in order to become an astronaut? "... ... the International Space Station astronauts original Permanent 3. 

 On the 15th of this month, seven space shuttle Discovery astronauts traveling from the United States John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida, launched into the international space station on the 17th. Discovery is scheduled to leave on the 25th International Space Station, on the 27th to return to the Kennedy Space Center. 

 Microsoft plans to cooperate with NASA to create a virtual telescope 

 ● Microsoft announced the establishment of and cooperation between NASA, Microsoft World Telescope (WorldWide Telescope) project, will be NASA's Mars Exploration United States and other celestial bodies of a large number of photos. Coming through the system, the public will be able to access from worldwidetelescope.org Mars, the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, the universe of high-definition images and scientific information. 

 NASA officials said, which is in line with the new NASA Administrative open and transparent policy. NASA provided to the Microsoft for more than 100 TB of data, including the August 2005 launch of the Mars Exploration Orbiter (MRO), lunar exploration Orbiter (LRO), such as photographs. It will help stimulate the general enthusiasm for astronomical exploration.

Hubble Space Telescope archive images found abandoned by the new exoplanet

Photographs from 1998 found in extrasolar planets 

 NEW YORK News April 3, according to foreign media reports, astronomers have recently re-examine the  Hubble telescope the past 15 years shooting a large number of images and data files, and from the discovery of a previously overlooked new extrasolar planets. 

 HR8799 To further explore the surrounding stars in a star running more planets, astronomers have carefully studied the  Hubble telescope in 15 years a large number of images collected by data files. Astronomers using a shading method, the stars have been observed to mask the bright light, so that may be found running around some of the star exoplanet light of the weak. It is through this method, astronomers finally taken in 1998 found an image of this extrasolar planets. This technology can be applied from Hubble telescope is similar to the more than 200 data sets can also be used by ground-based telescopes to obtain a large number of image data. 

 University of Toronto astronomer David -is one discoverer. David said that Now we have proved the feasibility of this approach. We can be applied to all observational studies and researches files, can be used to discover whether these images in a hidden planet. Hubble data files can best embody the scientific efficiency. It is easy to understand, and its structure is very suitable for information search scientists. According to the U.S. computer scientists Rensselaer Polytechnic Peter - Fox introduced so far  Hubble data files have been used for more than 6 times. In fact, experimental or other scientific tools have had a mass of information, but most are hard-copy format or hard to read vs Reserve, but not after the general analysis. 

 Hubble data file for David's research work provides the meta-data and query functions. David explained that You can use different parameters, different goals and different wavelengths name query, query is easy. But more importantly, the data quality is very high, they are processed and calibrated, it is also a high-quality search results. Proven this technology in the next may be more widely used. David said launched in the near future," James - Webb "telescope, will certainly use this technology as the search for extrasolar planets, one of the strategy. We need a way to diminish the stars shine. James  - Webb telescope will be launched in 2013, and dedicated to the search for extrasolar planets Kepler Space Telescope was previously launched in early March. 

 David further explained that the Department of extrasolar planets is a difficult observation of celestial bodies, which is located in our solar system around a star outside the run. Although, according to astronomers speculated that in reality there are many extrasolar planets to be discovered, but so far, astronomers identified only 300 extrasolar planets, which some of the planet's environment, with the formation of life on Earth's environment very similar. So far, astronomers are red through the space telescope to collect data to understand the atmosphere of extrasolar planets. However, as soon  Spitzer infrared telescope will all run out of the refrigerant, which would severely limit the capacity of its observation. Astronomers said that from the Earth to an extrasolar planets to see the atmosphere, it is necessary for a large number of calories eruption, and the atmosphere necessary for the existence of no wind or very little wind. In addition, when this Department of extrasolar planets from the star behind it through, the cover star, the planet is a clear need to just quiet night, so that astronomers can accurately measure the thermal emission of its minor changes. 

 As of January 2009, scientists around the world in a total of 285 planetary systems discovered 335 extrasolar planets. In the near future, they seem to discover another planet  Previously found to have the atmosphere of extrasolar planets are orbiting telescope  Spitzer found. Need to add that, in the current discovery of extrasolar planets, most of them are Jupiter-like gaseous giant planets like. These planets are usually very close distance from the star, so the surface temperature is usually over in a few hundred degrees Celsius.

Fear of an earthquake disaster area with the recurrence of strong earthquakes

The scientific community that a strong earthquake on the 6th morning, resulting in many dead or missing in the central region of Italy, as located at the plate and the other two micro-plate to take care of the Convergence area prone to earthquakes of this on, but do not rule out the next few months of strong earthquakes will happen again. 

 Italian Institute of Geophysics, said that early morning in the Apennine mountains (Apennines) earthquake in central, as far as measuring the size of six. Second, place in Rome, about 100 kilometers northeast of the Agency. Bear the brunt of the historical city of Aquila. 

 Edinburgh, Scotland, "the British Geological Survey agency" experts said Mason, Apennine mountain was prone to strong earthquakes, earthquake occurred on the 6th degree of the earthquake that is not surprising. 

 Apennine ridge runs through the Italian peninsula, in the past century, the mountains and the surrounding area of five large earthquakes have occurred, claiming about 34,000 lives. The earthquake occurred on the 6th for the past twelve years to the third largest, has a radius of 140 kilometers range of feeling. 

 Paris, France, "Institute of Geophysics," said geologist , Italy The earthquake occurred very close to the surface in place, it can be said is that the underground city of Aquila. 

 Northern Ireland University of Ulster, Professor of Geophysics Mike Barry said that these form a "complex tectonic"; to Apennine mountain as an example, the problem in the normal fault, the crust was brittle underground sideslip actions, fault and therefore follow the torn oblique angle.

400 million U.S. dollars a space school speech class and explain

This year is the 40th anniversary of the human landing on the moon, as the Apollo lunar exploration plan to the designers of cars, U.S. scientists, Dr. von Stockhausen Dyson to encourage students to: "everything must have curiosity and imagination, learning to use his right brain that are flowing creativity and imagination, think of someone unexpected, and then left to the implementation of the use, step-by-step. This is done to determine a person's event, the key difference. " 

 By the "corporation of Taiwan Association of Space and Science Education" (TASSE) with the United States in Houston sponsored by the Association for Space Education "HASSE Space School 2009 lecture tour," in March for the continuation of the popular lecture, will be 4 this weekend / 11 (Taichung), 4 / 12 (Taipei) again brought the value of a class of 400 million U.S. dollars, so that you dream of a round! Free to invite all kinds of high school to university together groups of students and parents. 

 March 1 this year, organized by "Inspire me! Imagination! Curiosity!" Seminars attracted 160 students and parents present, unprecedented that the bottom of my heart everyone has fun space dream! Re-debut of HASSE Space  lecture tour of schools, will also bring a range of exciting courses. Will be in space by the Houston Association of Science Education and Executive Director Mr. Liu Zhuoyu, the United States Mr. John Dankowski Space Center and Space Association teachers, and students all share the U.S. NASA Space Center, the latest development information, the U.S. life scientists and astronauts wisdom, motivate and inspire more young people. 

 NASA Space Center, Mr. John Dankowski, will be at the scene by the gas gun and insulated bricks for a "space shuttle thermal tiles" experiment, will enable us to know how the space shuttle in a state of high-speed friction to penetrate the atmosphere, and not because of overheating explosion! 

 Fantasies such as astronauts in the weightless space shuttle-like floating in from top to bottom, is the hearts of many people looking forward to life, but you do not know is that life is sometimes in a weightless state! "Weightless flight," the curriculum, physical science teachers will be way, the experimental demonstration of weightlessness, so you do not need to enter the space shuttle, you can see a rare state of weightlessness! 

 NASA moon landing 40th anniversary, the United States Space Science Education Association of Houston, will take you into the earth from the space where the most recent! The value of a class of 400 million U.S. dollars, so that you embrace the dream of space to satisfy the imagination and curiosity!

British Columbia Department of Earth Sciences major teaching and research centers to build

Governor on the 6th Gordon Campbell announced that British Columbia province of 37.5 million yuan funds sponsored by the University of British Columbia Department of Earth Sciences Building, built teaching and research, looking forward to become the largest British study of earth science innovation leader and the province of British Columbia oil and gas, mining industry, to cultivate future leaders. 

 Gordon Campbell said that the establishment of the Department of Earth Science teaching and research center is expected to allow the mining province of British Columbia's leading international standards, and mining and in-depth study of the relationship between climate change. Building the new building, so that the Institute for Earth Science teachers and students and the mining industry who can benefit each other. 

 Earth Science Teaching and Research Building, a total budget of 7,500 million, half of the provincial government invested 37.5 million yuan, is expected in summer 2010 to begin construction to provide 480 job opportunities. 

 Mining construction flaunt environmental technology, environmental design by the energy (LEED) certification, provided by British Columbia, Department of nature, such as the Earth's oceans and Statistics Department and the Department of research. 

 Director of the Gore post-secondary education (Murray Coell) said that the investment in tertiary education, you can quickly see the cost-effectiveness. Province of British Columbia was a dearth of experts in earth science, earth science teaching and research building investments can make up for this demand. 

 Near completion of the museum put on Biological Diversity (Beaty Biodiversity center andMuseum) teaching and research building, the Pacific will be the Earth-based expansion of the museum covers an area of 14,570 square feet is expected early in 2010 the opening of the current teachers every year attract thousands of museum visitors are born . 

 Du University of British Columbia (Stephen Toope) to thank the provincial government and businesses, Department of Earth Sciences of the strong teaching and research centers sponsored and foresight. Duplessis said the investment in equipment, cultivation of students is to train the next British Columbia provincial and global mining leader. 

 The next 10 years of mining in Canada is expected to need 15,000 technicians, Department of Earth Sciences graduate teaching and research center for the province of British Columbia's oil and gas, mining industry, to maintain prosperity in the future situation.

Global Ocean Observing local victims seek

Institute of Oceanology, State Oceanic Administration of the second satellite marine environment National Key Laboratory of Dynamics researcher Xu Jianping 

With economic development, scientific and technological progress, mankind should not only intensify the study of natural disasters, and try to predict the day, week, month, year or even the weather conditions, but also a prediction a few years, dozens of years disasters to happen so that mankind can advance on disaster prevention at the source. And to accurately forecast the weather still need to be large-scale and even global, regional and long-term accumulation of observational data, but also the need to enhance maritime disasters caused by weather or the awareness of anomaly. In fact, the development of marine science, especially in the business of ocean and climate forecasting technology, on the ocean wide (the size of the Earth accounts for 71%%) large-scale, quasi-synchronous and deep-seated lack of survey data has been restricted bottlenecks in their development. The advent of the 20th century 90's section of the Argo buoys, and in 2000 launched the international Argo program to bring ocean and atmospheric scientists a rare opportunity, so that depth of human understanding and knowledge of the sea real-time large-scale changes in weather conditions improve and marine forecasting accuracy, effectively prevent the worsening global weather and marine disasters, the desire will become a reality. The frequency of natural disasters the world is at the call of human need to strengthen the global ocean observing real-time. 

With the international Argo program on an international series of newly developed high-tech marine technology, such as Argo Profiling Float, satellite communications systems and data processing technology in the global ocean at the creation of a real-time, high-resolution and fully automated monitoring system so that Express, accurate, large-scale gathering of the global upper ocean temperature and salinity of the water profile information, help people deepen their understanding of ocean temperature and salinity vertical structure, circulation and energy, as well as understanding the process of water balance and to reveal the sea ─ ─ the mechanism of interaction, to further improve the model initial fields and improve the air-sea coupled model, thereby enhancing the long-term weather forecasting and the ability of short-term climate prediction, including with the ENSO-related events (such as floods, droughts, etc.) of the forecast capacity and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and other re-recognize. 

North of the Pacific, this region not only has the world's oceans and borders in the West most ─ ─ Kuroshio flow, as well as the global ocean and climate system, the largest inter-annual changes ─ ─ El Nino phenomenon, but also across the Pacific and Indian Oceans have great Warm Pool, as well as precipitation with the world's largest ─ ─ Pacific ITCZ, which is an international marine scientific research has been the hot waters, there are many issues to be dealt with major scientific frontier, much-needed strength to carry out exploration and research organizations. However, the ocean environment observation data, especially long-term, large-scale and real-time ocean observing a serious lack of information, the impact of China's marine and atmospheric scientist at the forefront of research hot areas of the outcome of the driving force for innovation. 

To this end, in the next few years, our country should be increased in the North Pacific and East Indian Ocean buoy deployment efforts. This is not only because Argo observations on the current international Nets are the only real-time of a global ocean observing system, and its observation and the accumulation of information on the marine and atmospheric science and the development of major scientific significance; but also for our country suffering from such a marine and the impact of climate disasters, maritime power, especially during the last long-standing close to the ocean off the coast of our country and not enough emphasis on the Global Ocean Observing observed a serious shortage of information on the accumulation of the countries involved in Argo real-time global ocean observing network is more important practical significance.

The Earth gravity field and ocean circulation satellite put into trial operation

European Space Agency announced on the 20th, the Earth gravity field and satellite ocean circulation (Goce) since launch on the 17th after the satellite control system is operating well at 0:00 on the 20th from the start, the satellite carried out a mode switch, all scientific instruments into the trial operation stage . 

     European Airlines in a press release issued that day said, Goce launched its portable satellite tracking device that is put into operation, the role of this instrument are to receive the Global Navigation Satellite System signals, and its high accuracy, except exert navigation, but also records and satellite orbit adjust. At present, the European aircraft located the Italian Earth Observation Center has received a tracker back to the first signal. In the coming weeks, Goce will complete a series of difficult tasks, such as startup electric ion drive mode and adjust, such as satellite orbit. 

     Goce satellite is launched in Europe in recent years, the Air Board's most advanced satellite to detect one, it weighed about 1 ton, equipped with a number of sets of high sensitivity detection equipment, access to the data will help scientists gain a better understanding of the internal structure of the Earth, on human study of marine and climate change will also be helpful.

Discovery astronauts finish 2nd walk JEM GPS antenna installation

The United States space shuttle "Discovery" at the International Space Station today Astronaut (International Space Station) outside the completion of the second spacewalk for the Japanese Experiment Module "I hope its" installation of GPS (Global Positioning System) antenna, a space station the construction of the final stages of completion. 

     GMT 16:51, Space Station orbiting 354 kilometers above the South Pacific Department of the Earth's orbit, the astronauts Wansen history (Steve Swanson) and Aqaba (Joseph Acaba) begin spacewalk. 

     Astronaut itinerary in accordance with our established, the implementation of the Discovery space walk 3 times in the 2nd operation, the entire process lasted 6 hours and 30 minutes. 

     Space Station yesterday, the successful launch airfoil huge solar panels, for the Earth's orbit on the space lab to do a good job the first time, generating pre-loaded with homework. History and Aqaba Wansen Yan P6 today released two of the batteries for the next mission in June to replace the battery at the time of preparation work. 

     Space Station as well as two of the Japanese Experiment Module "I hope its" global positioning system antenna installation. 

     Global Positioning System-guided Japan's cargo spacecraft will help HTV. The cargo spacecraft will be opened later this year. 

     This spacecraft can hope that its water supply, food and scientific equipment and, if necessary, may also be required for other parts of the supply station. 

     Discovery in Florida on the 15th launched, space station construction mission to implement the final phase of the job. Lasted for more than 10 years of space station construction projects in 16 countries from its birth and up to 100 billion U.S. dollars to spend.

Astronomical feat! Live asteroid hit the Earth

Astronomers detected the first time in the course of an asteroid hit the Earth, but also from its follow-up period is still space to bring it, the last and the collection and analysis of meteorites. This was published in "Nature" the study of scientific journals, not only to allow scientists to know more about the F-type asteroids, and perhaps inspire them to consider how to avoid future occurrence of the tragedy of the Earth into a planet. 

 This 14 meters wide, 83-tonne, about the bus-sized asteroid is arrived at in October last year, 19 hours before the Earth was discovered, astronomers also have an unprecedented opportunity for observation and the final route of projectile scene for the fireball. Similar to the asteroid-sized objects, it is difficult to detect in space, there is 3-4 per year into the Earth. 

 I am astonished that there is some remnants of the asteroid had not completely destroyed during re-entry, but landed in the northern part of Sudan, about 29 kilometers stretch of the Nubian Desert. By December, astronomers mobilized civil 45 University students and teachers line up in the desert meteorite fragments of a search and finally found 280 meteorites weighing from 1. 283 grams to five grams, ranging from a total of about four. 45 kilograms, the whole process is like a needle in a haystack. 

 California, "Institute of search space intelligence" (SETI) astronomers that the probability of follow-up to the Asteroids, "is only one chance of a lifetime." Involved in monitoring this asteroid Belfast Northern Ireland Queen's University professor fee, points out that scientists are now able to predict not only where the asteroid will be rammed, but also early warning, to obtain relevant information immediately. 

 The United States Arizona viewing an amateur, and October 6 last year, reported the coordinates of an asteroid discovered in Cambridge, Massachusetts to the Minor Planet Center. This is just one of hundreds of routine records, but the computer system has the magic to refuse this extra information. Gaspar, director of the center told the "natural": "I see this information and to manually make a track, it is obvious that crashed into the Earth." 

 Asteroids of this size and brightness of the Earth should not pose a risk, but Gaspar safety procedures in accordance with the standards of practice, direct-dial NASA (NASA) hotline. He also reminded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory rationale of Sanchez, who immediately calculate the asteroid orbit. Computer program shows that the probability of an asteroid hit the Earth up to hundred percent, will hit the atmosphere within 13 hours, forces one to two tonnes of TNT equivalent TNT. 

 It was named 2008 TC3, was later renamed . I Tower (Arabic meaning for the station on the 6th)." It is classified as F-type asteroids are very rare types of meteorites. Only one. 3% F is a class of asteroids, formed in 45 billion years ago, with the Earth and other planets about the solar system at the same time. Since then most of the time it at between Mars and Jupiter around the sun outside the asteroid belt running it into a collision of another track, and narrow the gap between the earth, eventually assisted by gravity at the Earth into the Earth onto the road. 

 Stay in the Nubian Desert Station "on the 6th station" and the town of Al-fat people, are said to see the return of "fireball similar to the Rocket." KLM in Africa over the driver, also 2008 TC3 to 12,000 meters per second speed collision the atmosphere, reported that there is to see a bright flash on the ground.

35 million U.S. dollars the United States and rich visit space

5 the world's first "space tourists" ‧ American millionaire Charles Simonyi is scheduled to begin on the 26th his second trip to space, is expected to become the world's first space travel "repeat." Russian Space Management department previously announced, subject to restrictions on the carrying capacity of the international space station, after the cancellation of this year Russia intends to "space tourist" project. This means that temporary Shimoni as possible to the Russian space tourist last at their own expense. 

 The first repeat space travel 

 Shimoni is scheduled on the 26th, accompanied by two professional astronauts from the Baikonur launch site in Kazakhstan launched to the International Space Station. He is expected to remain at the space station less than two weeks, April 7 to take "Union" manned spacecraft to return to the Earth. 

 If the successful completion of the trip, Simonyi will become the world's first space of the two "space tourists." Shimoni finish in April 2007 the first two-week trip to outer space, becoming the world's first self-financed five "space tourists." Shimoni trip that took 25 million U.S. dollars. Media reported that the cost of this trip will be more than 35 million U.S. dollars. 

 Shimoni again for reasons of space travel, the Associated Press quoted him 23 in a telephone interview to answer the report, a number of astronauts in space Shimoni Ending first told him after the tour, once again, "Flying" and the feel with the first harvest is radically different from that space to do his initiation Tour "repeat" of the idea. 

 Finally the tour at their own expense or 

 Russian Federation Space Agency officials said earlier this year, the number of the International Space Station astronauts Permanent probably by the end of May to 6 people, more than doubled in the past. Because of the space station and personnel carriers bearing stress increased after the Russian side intends to cancel this year at their own expense, "space tourists" project. 

 Heard the news, Shimoni decided to seize the "last chance." "Either now (emphasis on space travel), or no (opportunity)." He said. 

 However, even though there are still opportunities for the third space, Shimoni do not intend to have another try. "I am no longer young," the 60-year-old millionaire said that the addition of his new wife has agreed to no longer "three space travel." 

 To help achieve scientific experiments 

 Shimoni put on the first trip as a "sequel." He said that two out of space travel the same purpose, namely "to support space research, universal civil aerospace business, to introduce offspring exciting science and engineering (the outcome)." 

 The Hungarian-American millionaire has a doctorate in computer science and flight license, a former Microsoft software development division, to participate in research and development of software such as Word and Excel. 

 The space trip, the Shimoni intended to assist the completion of a number of medical and technical aspects of radiation experiments, will also use the "Windows on Earth" software for the Earth to take photographs for people to watch.