Waterspouts

Tornadoes and other weather does not confuse the vortex, such as dust volume, they usually do not come from a thunderstorm, are completely different forms of natural phenomena, in accordance with the United States National Weather Service tornado-related FAQ, a waterspout is a tornado in the water -- - usually means that the water of non-super tornado monomer. Dragon roll is usually along the southeastern coast of the United States, particularly in southern Florida and the Gulf of Mexico within the reef, and may appear in the ocean, bays and lakes all over the world. Waterspouts are tornadoes in the definition of a. Its destructive than the most powerful tornado prairie small and weak, but they are still very dangerous. Dragon boat roll can be blown over, damaging the vessel, when struck the land when there is more damage and killed. When the water spouts are likely to produce or in coastal waters have been visible when the United States National Weather Service will often issue special marine warnings, or when the water spouts to the land mobile when a tornado warning issued

Tornado Climatology

Clearly the United States suffered more than any other country, and including the devastating tornado hit. However, the tornado actually happen in everywhere in the world; the regions affected by the number of statistics, the world's largest tornado happened region, is the United Kingdom, in particular, for even in England. New Zealand and Uruguay also has a small part of a strong tornado activity. In Canada, an average of 80 tornadoes occur each year, 2 people were killed and 20 others injured and led to loss of tens of millions of dollars. The recent killings of tornadoes in July 4, 2000 attacks in Canada Alberta Lake pine needles, resulting in 11 deaths. 

 On average, the United States suffered 100,000 thunderstorms each year, more than 1000 tornado hit, killing around 50 people were killed. The United States has recorded the most deadly tornadoes occurred in March 18, 1925, crossed the south-eastern Missouri, southern Illinois and northern Indiana Tri-State tornado, resulting in 695 deaths. In the day more than 6 is considered a tornado outbreak tornadoes. In April 3, 1974, history has recorded the largest outbreak of tornadoes has 148 tornadoes, including the emergence of six F5 (class) and 23 F4 (level) of the tornado; nicknamed the "super outbreak." Another strong storm similar lines are Pam Sunday tornado outbreak, which in April 11, 1965 attacked the central and western United States.

Tornado classification

The intensity of tornadoes are from "Fujita Pearson Tornado grade" decision (see Fujita series). Intensity may be high-resolution Doppler radar wind speed data or structural damage from the empirical data compared with the works to be. Similarly, attention and should not describe the intensity of any size and width of the tornado. 

 When bad weather or when coming prediction when a series of Zhuifeng family often go looking for a tornado to remain vigilant and inform the local meteorological agency. In the United States, skywarn software-measuring device, usually on behalf of the local Sheriff to complete a similar role. In addition, some individuals, like the famous storm tracer, favorite track thunderstorms and tornadoes that they go into much real and scientific aspects. 

 Thunderstorms tracer much try to make a probe into a tornado coming his way, the aim of analyzing its internal structure, but since 1990, only five succeeded in throwing the needle inside.

Tornadoes common sense and security

According to Environment Canada data, tornado blowing directly over the chances for the 1200 death of one extreme. Some people may amend the era or region, but the actual possibility of even lower. Tornado does a year in economic and material caused millions of dollars in losses, unemployment and casualties. 

 Annually in the beginning of tornado season, in the tornado area schools and the media told the public sector to spend time hazard and how education can improve the survival rate in the tornado. In the United States, people have often been recommended buy NOAA weather radios. They are relatively inexpensive, only the current 20 U.S. dollars spent, it will receive the United States National Weather Bureau (National Weather Service) issued a weather warning of the danger. Alarm at the same time on the radio and television broadcast, the majority of societies have civil defense alarm, in a tornado is about to consider will be activated prior to arrival. 

 Tornado warning in the release, all members of the public be notified to the refuge area. In most buildings, if possible, recommend to find the central room with no windows or below ground corridor. If a tornado hit the building, in respect of the possession in the interior of the people, can lead to substantial debris Down, it is proposed that squatting in front of solid beam, or hiding under sturdy furniture. However, the tornado to make such as when a mobile home such as light building had sustained heavy casualties. In this housing residents will be notified before a tornado evacuated from their homes, looking for more solid shelter, regardless of their travel to the designated safe haven or a friend's home nearby. In some areas, storm cellar is also a refuge for people. 

 When the tornado struck, the vehicle situation is extremely dangerous. If the tornado is visible, long distance, and the current traffic, then you can from the tornado path, methods are straight-line path along with the tornado at right angles to the direction of mobile. Otherwise, please try to quickly and safely park their vehicles in the line outside (even if ex post facto from the soil to find out your car than it is to stay in better on the road caused the accident), and looking for solid buildings or trenches as a bunker. Remember: in any case, be sure not to close when a tornado left in the car. In the strong wind caused by a tornado, no vehicles are very easily be rolled up and thrown. 

 Some people choose to in a storm shelter under the large bridge, but those places are not the best shelter. Normandy is located in Oklahoma's National Weather Service, have done a report for discussion at May 3, 1999 Oklahoma tornado occurred in the attack, the land bridge as a cover body uses. At that time a land bridge has three tornadoes in Oklahoma City on the route, each bridge has at least one person died in a tornado. Bridge building in a variety of forms, and many of which fly in strong wind and the fragments before and will not provide any effective protection. In addition, because of people under the bridge or the bridge next to free parking caused congestion, is likely to impede other road vehicles, thereby indirectly deprived latecomers the opportunity to escape.

What is a squall line?

Strong gusts are mean. Squall line (squallline) are by a number of strong thunderstorm convection cell array composed of one narrow line of strong convective weather belt life than the average cell length thunderstorms, usually can be maintained 12 ~ 24 hours, in the horizontal spatial distribution of about 200 km. 

 Based on past observational data analysis, the squall line system, often there will be thunder and lightning, heavy rain, strong winds, hail, tornadoes and other severe weather phenomena, after the passage of the squall line will have a clear cold air, making the temperature suddenly dropped, and there will be significant changes in wind direction . 

 Icon 7, seven shares radar echo map, which line the narrow band is the strong echo squall line. 

 

 ● how the formation of squall lines? 

 In Taiwan near the squall line occurred in the spring with the plum rainy season during the cold season, when the turn of the atmosphere in a relatively unstable, when the warm air when cold and dry air, its interface can be triggered by "squall line" the emergence of . 

 Most of the squall line and cold front-related activities, mainly in the ground before the cold front 100 ~ 500 km of warm areas, but sometimes in the front or rear front Front happen, sometimes, the squall line and frontal rain band itself is very difficult distinction to make.

How the formation of tornadoes?

Whether land or sea dragon roll, and its formation conditions are very similar, basically the amount must have spin and have a very unstable air disturbances, or hot and humid air and cold air radiolysis intense cooperation, and, therefore, tornadoes common in the temperate mid-latitude cyclone (extratropicalcyclone) and strong convection in the vicinity of thunderstorms. 

  According to National Taiwan University Professor Wang Chongyue 1982 study, the formation of a tornado in Taiwan to squall line (squallline), such as typhoons and the southwest air current caused by a maximum of 3 categories, with Category 3 of the most destructive. Today (2007) in April 18 occurred in the Tainan area of tornadoes, the Department caused by the squall line.

Which country most tornadoes?

The world's tornadoes are the most places the United States, primarily in the United States in central and western Great Plains (including Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri and Illinois, etc.), because the west side of the Rocky Mountains from blowing dry air , the south side of the Gulf of Mexico has the warm air blowing, the two share the results of flow intersection, making the atmosphere very unstable in the region, forming the so-called tornado corridor. 

 Statistical data show that the United States happened 700 times the average annual volume of LU Long, and Florida, an annual average of 40-50 times happened the Dragon Vol. 

 The United States because of the frequent occurrence of a tornado, it attaches great importance to tornado forecasting, when the radar data show a "hook-shaped echo," the meteorologists will have to closely monitor and timely warnings to remind people to do a good job protection measures.

How strong a tornado wind?

Associated with a tornado because the wind is too strong, the general wind speed measurement devices have often been destroyed, it is difficult to measure the reliability. However, according to the degree of damage to buildings, as well as the dusty objects hitting power to estimate its wind speed roughly 100 meters per second, and sometimes as high as 200 meters per second. Even if the invasion of Taiwan with the calendar year compared to the strong typhoon, near the typhoon center is also the maximum wind speed rarely exceeded 80 meters per second, the visible tornado typhoon is much larger than the rotation of wind power.

What would cause a tornado disaster?

Tornadoes are usually accompanied by strong winds, heavy showers, hail, lightning and other phenomena, by passing through along the tornado path, common trees were uprooted, people, vehicles, livestock will be rolled up, the structure of the poor will be the destruction of buildings and caused by power outage or gas pipeline rupture caused by fire or explosion, etc., so be very severe casualties and losses. Taiwan due to weather and terrain constraints, the smaller tornadoes, relatively minor damage, but tornadoes may occur in the region, remain on guard.

What is tornado

The English name for tornado, are referring to happened in the bottom or self-cumulonimbus cumulonimbus down to the ground or the sea of strong spin column, the naked eye often see into tube-like funnel cloud or clouds. Happened on land are called LU Long-volume, on the sea for water spouts. 

 In the atmosphere, the tornado is a small area, the power of a strong and highly destructive air vortex, and its diameter from tens of meters to several hundred meters and the average of about 250 meters. Since the distant look, it seemed a dark gray funnel or trunk, since the cloud base stretching down to the ground, the whole column in itself funnel cloud around the central axis of rapid rotation, and at the same time moving forward. Yun-chu, sometimes hanging in the air reverberating, sometimes lower, and on the ground, the regular place as a serious disaster. Tornado path length, average of about 5-10 km in between, but also record up to 300 kilometers; tornado's life cycle, the shortest less than one minute, but some can be up to several hours, with an average of about 10 minutes.

The causes of tornadoes

Produce tornadoes are the mother giant cumulonimbus, which dozens of kilometers wide cloud may rise to 16 kilometers altitude. We will pot of cold water heating, that can be found after heating the water will rise, the upper cold water will be lowered, while the sunlight so that the ground temperature, the convection will produce the same phenomenon. 

 Air resulting in the block of cotton-like white clouds, this is the cumulus, cumulus continue the development of the formation of cumulonimbus. At this point, "latent heat" on the occurrence of an important role. 

 Plot snow internal heating due to latent heat of constant cloud of air, resulting in a strong updraft.

The so-called "latent heat" (latent heat) is released when water vapor into liquid water, heat, for example, 25 degrees Celsius, 1 grams of water vapor into liquid water with temperature, it will release latent heat of 583 cards. Will boiling water out of the top of the palm of your hand and feel that will be hot heat, that is, small droplets of water vapor into the white at the time of latent heat. 

 This cumulonimbus with low-temperature drying from the north of the jet stream after the confluence even stronger, so the formation of more clouds tablets, raindrops and ice crystals, but also to latent heat release to create more powerful updraft, and its speed per second and sometimes Tatsu dozens of meters, thus the ground caused by storms, heavy rain, under the hail, thunder and lightning, brought disaster. Cumulonimbus will rotate if it can extend the life, may become a giant cumulonimbus. 

 Many warm wet south-east wind, and shun the Rocky Mountains along the south boundary of the northwest wind is the dry line. Drying line showing wavy morphology and the formation of vortex in the forthcoming, the wall by the giant cumulonimbus clouds in the occurrence of a tornado. 

 Following this discovery only after we have seen in movies organizations of "Tornado searcher" and they really can be said to be a pioneer in tornado research. According to results of research on these people, we will have a giant tornado cumulonimbus called "super-balloon" (super cell) in order to breakdown.

Plain threat 

 The power of the strongest tornadoes happen in China and the United States on the open plain, near the core of a tornado, with winds of around 480 kilometers per hour. 

 Destruction of traces of 

 Although the tornado ravaged areas narrow, but the place is devastated by. 

 For example: upper right map of the United States a small town in Kentucky. Transit in the tornado, some shelter house is almost gone. 

 Water column 

 A tornado does not necessarily have taken place on land, the water will cause the formation of a tornado of water. Moved in across the land when the water will lose energy. A tornado formed by the water column is usually limited to the warm season, the main complication in the shallow waters.

Tornado Documentary 

 ** The United States has an annual average of 750 tornadoes, the most commonly issued in the main period between 4-6. 

 ** Fast rotation of the tornado would normally be divided into several smaller tornadoes. 

 ** November 1981, the United Kingdom abnormal 102 small tornado outbreak. 

 We have not been able to understand the structure of a tornado, because the high risk without accessible and tornadoes are generated in the bottom of a giant cumulonimbus, so can not be observed from above. Howard Mann, who made use of Doppler radar reflection intensity of a tornado is very similar to the level of distribution patterns Typhoon, but Typhoon has hundreds of times in a tornado the size, shape much like the typhoon. 

 Reflection intensity tornado center is weak, much like the typhoon clear calm eyes, surrounded by a strong reflected wave of the donut-type ring, which is central to strong winds欥powder of sand and fragments, which is equivalent to around a giant typhoon eye cumulonimbus base. Arm ring outside are giant cumulonimbus by the convergence of the airflow around the sand blowing and fragment formation, equivalent to a typhoon brought heavy rain.

Drag under tornado 

 Heyday period, the upper cumulonimbus with the center of the pressure difference between the increased air flow will be downward drag out, it is "under the gas drag type (emission type)" tornado. Center under the ground after the collision drag airflow around the proliferation of once, and with super airbags airflow convergence encounter this volume at a distance of several hundred meters from the wind center formed donut-type ring updraft area. 

by the tornado that strong wind blowing the sand and fragments will be convergence in the donut-type ring and with an increase, this situation will often form a giant tornado. By radar observations of the donut-ring strong reflected wave, we know this is under a tornado-type flow drag, at the same time know it in seconds, speed 70 meters above the speed of rotation to the left. 

 Tornado not only happen in the United States, China, Southeast Asia, India, Italy and other places have been reports of a tornado disaster. Recently, neighboring Japan also began to pay attention to tornadoes and similar phenomena of abrupt burst under the drag (down bourst), air speed of 4 kilometers more than 4 kilometers below said microburst micro-bourst) and the resulting disaster. 

 The so-called "drag under abrupt explosion" is over heyday period from cumulonimbus drag generated by airflow under strong collision avoidance into a strong wind after the ground around the phenomenon of proliferation, much like a tornado but the rotation range is less than a tornado, convergence and divergence dispersion larger than a tornado. 

 May cause abnormal localized disasters, such as the threat of small water spouts water (water-spout), the Gobi desert, the Sahara desert, the Taklimakan Desert and other places of small dust storms (dust devil), the Atlantic hurricane ( hurricane) as well as the invasion of the Pacific typhoons in the West Bank (tyPhoon) and so on. 

 Increased tornado 

 Super airbag to the heyday period of growth before the tornado in the updraft like a vacuum cleaner sucked into the ground like material, this is known as the "updraft type (sucked into type)." 

 At this point sand, fragments, etc. focus on the bottom of a tornado, the air around the cyclone center by the centrifugal force of the impact of central pressure drop.