Global Ocean Observing local victims seek

Institute of Oceanology, State Oceanic Administration of the second satellite marine environment National Key Laboratory of Dynamics researcher Xu Jianping 

With economic development, scientific and technological progress, mankind should not only intensify the study of natural disasters, and try to predict the day, week, month, year or even the weather conditions, but also a prediction a few years, dozens of years disasters to happen so that mankind can advance on disaster prevention at the source. And to accurately forecast the weather still need to be large-scale and even global, regional and long-term accumulation of observational data, but also the need to enhance maritime disasters caused by weather or the awareness of anomaly. In fact, the development of marine science, especially in the business of ocean and climate forecasting technology, on the ocean wide (the size of the Earth accounts for 71%%) large-scale, quasi-synchronous and deep-seated lack of survey data has been restricted bottlenecks in their development. The advent of the 20th century 90's section of the Argo buoys, and in 2000 launched the international Argo program to bring ocean and atmospheric scientists a rare opportunity, so that depth of human understanding and knowledge of the sea real-time large-scale changes in weather conditions improve and marine forecasting accuracy, effectively prevent the worsening global weather and marine disasters, the desire will become a reality. The frequency of natural disasters the world is at the call of human need to strengthen the global ocean observing real-time. 

With the international Argo program on an international series of newly developed high-tech marine technology, such as Argo Profiling Float, satellite communications systems and data processing technology in the global ocean at the creation of a real-time, high-resolution and fully automated monitoring system so that Express, accurate, large-scale gathering of the global upper ocean temperature and salinity of the water profile information, help people deepen their understanding of ocean temperature and salinity vertical structure, circulation and energy, as well as understanding the process of water balance and to reveal the sea ─ ─ the mechanism of interaction, to further improve the model initial fields and improve the air-sea coupled model, thereby enhancing the long-term weather forecasting and the ability of short-term climate prediction, including with the ENSO-related events (such as floods, droughts, etc.) of the forecast capacity and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and other re-recognize. 

North of the Pacific, this region not only has the world's oceans and borders in the West most ─ ─ Kuroshio flow, as well as the global ocean and climate system, the largest inter-annual changes ─ ─ El Nino phenomenon, but also across the Pacific and Indian Oceans have great Warm Pool, as well as precipitation with the world's largest ─ ─ Pacific ITCZ, which is an international marine scientific research has been the hot waters, there are many issues to be dealt with major scientific frontier, much-needed strength to carry out exploration and research organizations. However, the ocean environment observation data, especially long-term, large-scale and real-time ocean observing a serious lack of information, the impact of China's marine and atmospheric scientist at the forefront of research hot areas of the outcome of the driving force for innovation. 

To this end, in the next few years, our country should be increased in the North Pacific and East Indian Ocean buoy deployment efforts. This is not only because Argo observations on the current international Nets are the only real-time of a global ocean observing system, and its observation and the accumulation of information on the marine and atmospheric science and the development of major scientific significance; but also for our country suffering from such a marine and the impact of climate disasters, maritime power, especially during the last long-standing close to the ocean off the coast of our country and not enough emphasis on the Global Ocean Observing observed a serious shortage of information on the accumulation of the countries involved in Argo real-time global ocean observing network is more important practical significance.

Ocean currents are being hit the brakes

The new observational evidence to support the flow slowed down in the North Atlantic. 

 Ocean Center, British scientists led by Harry L. Bryden research team, according to set up in 2004 in the coast of Africa to the Bahamas Islands (about 25 ° N), row across the North Atlantic surface monitoring instruments information, and over the past 50 years will get an 4 times compared across the data found that: the North Atlantic circulation steering flow (meridional overturning circulation, MOC), in 1957 to 2004 weakened the results published in the journal Nature. 

 Scientists in the 25 ° N cross the Atlantic side of the location, can be observed north of the Gulf Stream , south of the subtropical circulation flow, and the deep south flow figure. Scientists have discovered: Although the north of the Bay down to send to remain stable, but the subtropical circulation flow increase, and reduce the flow of deep, which means that, to the high latitudes of the delivery capacity reduced, thus weakening MOC estimates more than 30%, and among them, MOC 90% of the heat is provided to the North Atlantic, the European Climate Change, which will cast a lot of variables. 

 If the United States Department of Atmospheric Science University of Illinois Professor Michael Schlesinger of the model results: in the next 200 years, 70% of the probability of occurrence of ocean currents to stop, in this century, there are 45 percent, if concerted efforts to comply with the global climate policy, there are still 25 % chance of occurrence. 

 Paleoclimate from the past records of ocean currents to stop the cycle of events could cause further decline in Northern Hemisphere temperatures 10 ℃. Scientists worried that even if the current cycle is slow to stop, but the climate may be an instant change of face, and even though the currents and then restart the entire system non-linear will also not immediately returned to the warmth of the Earth's condition. 

 Nordic scientists are now near Iceland to establish another monitoring array figure, hope to be able to stop before the ocean current was informed as early as step and warning.

Arctic sea ice to start the convection?

U.S. scientists found that: long, 15 years later, the Labrador Sea in the last year (2007-2008) have a sea of deep winter convection, the formation of the North Atlantic deep water. They conjecture is likely to be in the summer of 2007, from the collapse of a large number of Arctic sea ice caused by the results of the study published in the journal Nature Geoscience. 

 Polar region of the North Atlantic is the world's climate system, an important aspect, the surface water in this release of heat, density has become larger, and the deep sea water through a mixture of continuous, convection, and has gradually formed the North Atlantic Deep Water, to become Global sea important thrust belt transmission. As a result of global warming, scientists expected the surface water temperature increased, and the Arctic melting dispelled a lot of fresh water, will be weakened or even the termination of deep sea water convection, have an impact on the global climate is just sooner or later. The latest observations show that: do not imagine that simple. 

 Woods Hole Research Institute of the U.S. marine scientists Kjetil ge-led research team analyzed the Labrador Sea and the Irminger sea float observational data, the ball can be measured from the surface to the depth of 2000m of water temperature, They found that in the 2007-2008 winter Labrador again deep under the sea surface mixed water layer, which on behalf of the North Atlantic deep water formation, and they found that the formation of deep water with the sea ice off the relationship can not. Scientists speculate: the previous year (2007) summer from the collapse of the Arctic sea ice, cut off from the northern Labrador sea and sea-surface winds from the West biting winter wind of direct contact, so the cold wind across the North Sea, straight sweep pull warmer Sea surface is not caused the water temperature here, releasing heat, the density of large and sink, and under the deep sea water mixed convection significant, so 15 years after the recurrence of the North Atlantic deep water. 

 Thus the idea that global warming will have to stop the deep convection, an over-simplistic idea. Understanding of sea water, ice and atmospheric feedback mechanisms between the complex, will be the polar regions we understand that the key to climate change,

Earth Science: From the surface to the stratosphere

sea surface temperature (SST) rise, not only affect tropospheric temperature, according to scientists study revealed, but will also affect the troposphere and stratosphere the quality of the exchange, thereby affecting the global climate. 

 Human activities increase the concentration of greenhouse gases caused by the consequences, including the most commonly brought tropospheric temperature rise and the net radiation due to stratospheric cooling caused by the temperature dropped, and will delay the Antarctic ozone hole response speed. Recent studies showed that, in addition to these effects, global warming caused by the tropical sea surface temperature rise will be affected at the top of the troposphere and the stratosphere at the bottom of the quality of the exchange process, thereby affecting the global climate. 

 Equatorial regions Tropopause higher, close to 20 kilometers, mid-latitudes lower Tropopause; and equatorial regions than the hot, rising air currents to reach Tropopause after transmission poles to reach the mid-latitudes into the subsiding air, this circulation can be at the top of the quality of the troposphere and stratosphere at the bottom of the low exchange, known as Brewer - are Brewer-Dobson circulation. In equatorial regions, Brewer - are Walson circulation on the troposphere could be introduced into the lower stratospheric air, resulting in stratospheric ozone concentration at the bottom as well as the temperature dropped. Over the past few decades from satellites and high-altitude observation data show that the stratospheric ozone layer at the bottom of a lower temperature than usual, said Brewer - are being enhanced Walson circulation. According to the results of numerical model simulation analysis, resulting in Brewer - have Walson circulation enhance one of the reasons is probably because of global warming and rising sea-surface temperature. 

 Numerical model simulation results showed that the equatorial region, mainly due to increased airflow planetary waves (planetary wave, wavelength and the Earth's radius of a considerable scale, 1-3 wave can cover an entire latitude circle). Planetary atmospheric wave formation in the troposphere, at the same time to the horizontal and vertical directions, and then because of the energy dissipation or broken wave (wave breaking) vanish. Some planetary waves sent to the bottom of the stratospheric ozone layer disappeared, the energy contribution to the Brewer - are Walson circulation. When sea-surface temperature rise caused by the situation of enhanced convection, latent heat release heat at the top of the troposphere, making the top of the troposphere and stratosphere temperature gradient between the bottom of the increase, leading to increased air flow increased, planetary waves will be enhanced. In addition, the convection heating to enhance not only on the troposphere, but also caused by pressure changes in the market, the same may lead to planetary waves, which enhanced Brewer - are Walson circulation and speed up at the top of the troposphere and the stratosphere at the bottom of the quality of inter-exchange. 

 The results from these studies show that sea surface temperature and humidity changes, not only caused a change in the troposphere, and even affected the low stratospheric temperature, power status, as well as the distribution of chemical substances. More and more water vapor by Brewer - are Walson circulation at the top from the troposphere into the stratosphere at the bottom, and even further enhance the greenhouse effect, causing the Earth's climate changes, it will be we do not like to see the scene.