Guochang countries to promote savings minus carbon

Days only in March, the climate in southern Taiwan is not lost on the hot dog days, the Earth really is sick! In order to save the Earth, Kaohsiung Guochang of students into the country minus the carbon saving research and practice, on their "Energy Survey" courses, visit the green building, visit the Public Works Museum special exhibition of energy-saving minus carbon, but also hand-made bio-diesel, Designed architecture, such as heat, in order to slow global warming to make a power of thin cotton. 

 "I have heard that ... I heard .... rising sea, Kaohsiung is about to drown, forming Shoushan island, return to Taipei Taipei .... the Great Lakes as an upward trend in temperature, the end of this century the average temperature will increase by 6.5 degrees .. .... more greenhouse gases released from the permafrost ... "This is Guochang State Science Teacher CHEN Hui-ling blog section of the introduction. 

 In order to guide students on the natural sciences, in particular knowledge of ecological sciences are interested in, and then to care about our earth, CHEN Hui-ling at Yahoo! Yahoo blog has set up a "student interactive grid", a record about the country in the science of studying everything, she told If you want to open up ideas of students, we usually come to this blog Teacher test questions! The results of January 12 last year, opened cell, less than a month to break the cumulative number of 10,000, showing the degree of welcome. 

 Team teaching, one of teachers said that Mrs Teacher this website to provide students on the key link freely answer questions, or platform, in fact, easy to answer difficult questions, to encourage students to questions because questions are more difficult, students questions, but also Writing to be responsible for analysis and did not fully understand, fully together students can not be a good topic. 

 Last summer,name, CHEN Hui-ling, such as Teacher of "energy-saving heat-e up" plan to take part in the Kaohsiung City Education and evaluation of creativity, about 20 students to enroll for the teacher to lead students to start series against the energy crisis study has two main First, open source, first cutting. The students first class, there is the basic concept of energy after, and then look for and visit the Green building, written report of experiences, but also to the workers to visit the museum special exhibition of carbon minus energy, experience, or report you want. 

 Implementation are two main courses, salad oil and sodium hydroxide First, the use of bio-diesel refinery to enable students to finally have their own life first bottle wood biomass oil; In addition, they have to use a variety of materials to design the construction of heat building, although only a small model house, but the students are very serious, beautifully finished and many changes, many have reduced the effect of hot, the best may be cooling of 2.6 degrees. The creativity of this year plans to show the fruits of education come to the fore, access to the country in the group "Kaohsiung easy up" an award of excellence, it can be said to retain that.

Greenhouse gases to climate impact

The impact of greenhouse gases are long-term and global, the impact of suspended particles is short and are regional. Man-made greenhouse gases generated by the greenhouse effect in many areas because of the cooling effect of suspended particles may be underestimated. In such cases, there is a possibility of paradox. Assuming an immediate cessation of human burning of fossil fuels, aerosol content will be immediately dropped from the natural content, and its cooling effect of the role will also stop; and left over from the previous man-made greenhouse gases still continue to play its greenhouse effect, warming the Earth. In such cases, we can not rule out the possibility of global warming rather than the possibility of aggravating. 

 Scientists not only the uncertain role of suspended particles in the radiation volume size, more uncertainty net effect of its climate. Even if greenhouse gases greenhouse effect coincided with the cooling effect of aerosol balance, a net amount of radiation is zero. Whether they would have no impact on climate? The answer is no. The operation of the climate because the world does not depend on the size of the net amount of radiation. Any one region, because the energy imbalance resulting from disturbance may affect the global climate. For example, the Tibetan Plateau in summer the northern hemisphere are a major heat source, its influence throughout the world. Similarly, any one of the suspended particles in the region caused by the cooling effect of atmospheric disturbances, but also to other areas that may affect the climate. 

 Scientists suspect that the past century the global average temperature rise with an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases. In theory, this is certainly possible. But if you look at a strict scientific point of view, we can easily find that many of the confusing. For example, mentioned in this chapter aerosol cooling effect, which in the end how strong? The net effect? Another example, when we compare the 18th century, since the concentrations of greenhouse gases and global average temperature curve, we found that although the general trend of the two similar, there are many inconsistencies in the details. For example, after the industrial revolution, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels on the rapid increase, but why the temperature in the late 19th century until a marked increase in? Little Ice Age of the natural impact of climate change? In another example, since the 1950s, rate of increase of greenhouse gases faster, but why the low temperature during 1950-1970? 

 In addition to climate are countless physical processes by interactions formed. At present, the scientific community on many issues are still not well understood. Based on satellite observation data, the role of clouds of radiation-17Wm-2. That is, if there is no cloud, climate warming may be more. Some changes in cloud cover caused by the volume of radiation have been with considerable warming of greenhouse gases (over the past 100 years for the 2.45 Wm-2). Over the past 10 years through satellite observations, the scientific community on the cloud / radiation increasing the understanding of the relationship, but still limited. Low clouds tend to cool the troposphere, but the high cloud is a warming effect. If carbon dioxide doubling of atmospheric water vapor content may increase, then the distribution of cloud what change? Changes in different types of clouds, the climate may have completely different effects. And the impact of clouds is a lot we do not know much about one of the physical processes.

Amount of radiation

Human economic activities have created greenhouse gases and suspended particles, the former have a warming effect, while the latter have a cooling effect. Clearly, man-made greenhouse effect may be because the role of aerosol cooling effect, and has been underestimated. Greenhouse gases and suspended particulate characteristics quite different: 

 (A) produce the greenhouse effect greenhouse gases, aerosols have a cooling effect. 

 (B) of greenhouse gases have a long lifespan, suspended particles in a very short lifespan. 

 (C) the distribution of greenhouse gases are uniform, global, and the distribution of suspended particles is uneven regional. 

 This is because the characteristics of three different greenhouse gases and suspended particles are also very different from the impact. They are the direct effects of changes in the Earth's radiation balance. Scientists calculated the amount of radiation effect (radiative forcing) to assess their direct impact. The long term, without any abnormal interference (such as, air pollution, volcanic eruptions), the Earth's atmosphere should be in a state of radiation balance, that is, zero net radiation (radiation equivalent to the amount of radiation absorbed radiation doses). Once the imbalance in the Earth's atmospheric temperature is bound to increase (if the net amount of radiation is positive) or lower (if, by a negative net radiation), adjust to another until the temperature of the radiation balance. The role of the so-called radiation volume, refers to the atmospheric properties (such as, carbon dioxide content, cloud cover, etc.) change, the corresponding change in the volume of net radiation. 

 For global (or climate) change, we are most concerned about the troposphere / surface of this system are subject to the volume of radiation. Figure 3-12 are from before the Industrial Revolution to the present, as a result of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC-11, CFC-12, Figure 3-12b), as well as man-made sulfate aerosol (Figure 3-12a) content changes caused by the volume of radiation. Figure 3-12c is to combine the two into the net after the amount of radiation. Radiation effects of greenhouse gases rather uniform distribution, but mostly in 2.5Wm-2 and between 1Wm-2. Its distribution by temperature, humidity and cloud cover distribution. For example, the value of low-latitude regions more than high latitudes, tropical ocean regions than the western half of the eastern half of the value of large desert areas (such as, sub-) has a relatively large value, and strong tropical convective region (such as, the Western Pacific , South America, Africa) is the value of small. 

 The role of suspended particles in the radiation level should be very uneven distribution, showing a high degree of regional. Maximum occurred in the eastern United States, Europe, East Asia, South America and South Africa, the West Bank, are man-made pollution in the region more serious. Other areas has not been significantly affected. Current estimates indicate that although the cooling effect of suspended particles can not be ignored, still less than the greenhouse effect greenhouse gases, so the net amount of radiation all over the world is still positive. The net amount of radiation the smallest regions, aerosol cooling effect is most obvious region. 

 IPCC scientists estimated from 1850 to 1990 between changes in atmospheric composition caused by the volume of radiation. Figure 3-13 in the global and annual average amount of radiation that they think are the best estimate value. Greenhouse gases for 2.45Wm-2, the error range of 15%. Which carbon dioxide is 1.56 Wm-2, methane 0.47 Wm-2, nitrous oxide 014 Wm-2, CFC-11 0.06 Wm-2, CFC-12 0.14 Wm-2, other gases 0.08 Wm-2. Suspended particles for the direct impact of -0.25 ~ -0.9 Wm-2, the indirect impact of 0 ~ -1.5 Wm-2, the two superimposed effect of -0.3 ~ -3 Wm-2. However, because the scientific community and its impact on the suspended particles is still very limited understanding, the estimated value of a large range of error. IPCC scientists pointed out that the role of suspended particles in the radiation volume estimates, the future may still have a substantial amendment. 

 In recent years, as a result of man-made CFCs damage the ozone, the stratospheric ozone decreased to reduce the absorption of short-wave radiation, stratospheric temperature decline. Colder stratosphere to the troposphere of the long-wave radiation volume also decreased, causing a negative role in the amount of radiation. On the other hand, more short-wave radiation penetrating the stratospheric ozone layer, atmospheric absorption for the troposphere, and its role in capacity coincided with the radiation. Scientists estimate the current negative effects of radiation is larger than the volume of radiation, the net effect of -0.1 ~ -0.2 Wm-2, but the estimated value of the error range considerably. At the same time, because of air pollution, tropospheric ozone has increased year by year with its greenhouse effect is caused by about 0.2 ~ 0.6 Wm-2 is the amount of radiation. During the same period, solar radiation intensity also slightly increased, which is equivalent to 0.3 Wm-2 is the amount of radiation. 

 Scientists do everything we can to explore the atmospheric composition change on the potential impact of climate change. In order to understand the mission first and foremost since the Industrial Revolution the role of the net amount of radiation changes. However, due to the lack of basic information, lack of understanding of a range of factors, scientists can only on the radiation effects of greenhouse gases have more confidence in estimates, changes in atmospheric composition to other estimates, the confidence is still not high.

Suspended particles

More than human economic activities produce greenhouse gases, but also to create a large amount of suspended particles. They have a cooling effect on the atmospheric radiation and the net effect of greenhouse gases the contrary. Suspended particles are floating in the air of small particles (diameter between 0.001 ~ 10μm) a general term, has the natural and man-made. Natural suspended particles have ash, flue dust (soil dust; most from North Africa and the Asian desert areas), sea salt aerosol and so on. Man-made industrial dust suspended particles have (industrial dust; mostly produced by incomplete combustion of impurities), soot, sulfate and nitrate and other suspended particles. 

 Larger sizes of suspended particles by the gravity traction quickly dropped the surface, stay in the atmosphere is very short, little impact on climate. Small particles of suspended particles, although the largest quantity, but quality and the proportion of surface area is too small, the impact on climate is not much. Therefore, the impact of climate biggest diameter of suspended particles around in between 0.1 ~ 1μm. 

 Suspended particles absorb radiation, and scattering of solar radiation. Suspended particles in the presence of a high temperature may rise, other regions are cooling. For example, near the surface of soot absorbed short-wave radiation, so that tropospheric warming, but the surface absorption of solar radiation has decreased, the temperature drop. In another example, the stratospheric volcanic ash in the absorption of atmospheric long-wave radiation, so that stratospheric temperature rise, but its strong scattering effect, increase the albedo, reducing the troposphere into the amount of solar radiation, anti-so near the surface temperature dropped. Generally speaking, the majority of suspended particles (apart from soot) imposed on the radiation effects of the troposphere for the cooling effect. 

 Another role of suspended particles is to serve as cloud condensation nuclei . Water vapor are less than the look, we can see the clouds are water droplets or ice crystals to form. Small water droplets to form cloud condensation nuclei to have it the size of about 0.1 ~ 0.2μm, and we consider the size of suspended particles. Once generated, the small droplets can be formed within minutes of raindrops 2000μm. By volume, the growth of a 1012-fold. Even if there are no impurities, water vapor will reach saturation point, if condensation. However, impurities (such as salt, suspended particles, etc.) exist, allows water vapor did not reach saturation condensation began (just as easy to damp salt caking). For example, a small droplet radius of 0.4μm, if melting has 10-15 grams of salt, the water droplet surface is equivalent to the volume of saturated water vapor relative humidity of 99.6%. That is to say, this one small water droplets can not saturated in water vapor environment, the lessons of the water vapor around constantly growing larger. Once the water vapor in the air condenses into small droplets together to form visible clouds. 

 With many suspended particles on the characteristics of cloud condensation nuclei, they can increase Xiaoyun droplet (cloud droplet) the quantity, but a further increase in cloud albedo. Consider the equivalent amount of water vapor, if the cloud droplet number, each assigned to a cloud droplet of water vapor less cloud droplet size also small; the other hand, if a small number of cloud droplets, the cloud droplet size larger . Generally speaking, the smaller cloud droplets, cloud albedo larger. In addition, the small size of the cloud droplet formation of precipitation is not easy, because they are too light, but probably would not fall, the decline may also be the way to quickly evaporated. 

 Increase in atmospheric aerosol content, which may result in the following effects: clouds within the cloud droplet increase in the number, size small is not easy to form precipitation, cloud lifetime is therefore variable length. The Earth's average albedo of 0.3, in which contributions to clouds of 0.2. If the atmospheric cloud cover and cloud albedo increase, and longer life, the Earth's albedo may be larger. In other words, the atmosphere and surface absorbs less solar radiation. From the above discussion, we know that excessive suspended particles serve as condensation may wish to check the indirect effects of the Earth's atmosphere are cooling radiation may make the troposphere and surface temperatures lower. However, can not be denied is that the scientific community of suspended particulate understanding the indirect effects are still quite limited. 

 Different greenhouse gases in the atmosphere of a long lifespan, within the troposphere aerosol lifetime is only around a week. Once they enter the troposphere, and some by the influence of gravity falling ground, and some dissolved in rainwater, and the formation of acid rain. Greenhouse gases and long lifespan, so that it can send with the atmospheric circulation evenly spread around the world. Suspended particles due to the short lifespan, can be transmitted is not long distance, mostly scattered in the vicinity of regional pollution sources. Therefore, the distribution of it are regional rather than global. Characteristics of this one can clearly suspended particles from man-made sulfate content distribution maps  to see: the areas with the highest concentration in the northern hemisphere, such as the eastern United States, Europe and China, the southern hemisphere is much smaller than the Northern Hemisphere content content.

The impact of greenhouse gases

Compared with carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, CFCs higher greenhouse effect. For example, a molecule of methane is a greenhouse effect 21 times that of carbon dioxide molecules, nitrous oxide is 206 times that of CFCs, compared with thousands of times to ten thousand times. However, because of carbon dioxide than other gases, so the greenhouse effect of carbon dioxide is still the biggest. Figure 3-10 for the 1980 to 1990 between the various man-made greenhouse gases in the atmosphere caused by the increase in the proportion of radiation. The effects of carbon dioxide accounted for 55%, methane 15%, 6% nitrous oxide, CFCs (CFC; destruction of stratospheric ozone culprits; see chapter V) is a total of 24%. 

 Another characteristic of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere of their stay (ie, lifetime) is longer. Such as listed in Table 3.2, carbon dioxide, the life period of the life period of 50 ~ 200 years, methane 12 ~ 17 years to 120 years of nitrous oxide, CFC-12 for 102 years. Once these gases into the atmosphere, it is almost impossible recovery, only by the natural process so that they gradually disappear. In the atmosphere due to their long lifespan, the impact of greenhouse gases are long-lasting and global. From any one corner of the Earth to the atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide molecules, in its 100 years of life-long period, have the opportunity to travel around the world, affecting the climate around. Even if mankind to cease immediately all man-made greenhouse gas emissions from the industrial revolution, the cumulative greenhouse gas will continue to exert their greenhouse effect, the impact of the Earth's climate.

Changing concentrations of greenhouse gases

Although carbon dioxide is not the main component of the Earth's atmosphere, but its content remains constant change, and with climate change may have a great relationship. Scientists from the fossil carbon isotope content, suggesting the ancient earth's atmospheric carbon dioxide content. Figure 3-6 are the last 500 million years of carbon dioxide changes, the figure R = 1 is equivalent to the current atmospheric carbon dioxide content. In the early Cambrian period (more than 500 million years ago), carbon dioxide levels today are content 15-20 times, and then continued to decline until 3 million years ago, reached with the current content of a considerable extent. 100000000 ~ 2 millions of years ago, compared with the current content of 3 ~ 5 times Coincidentally, during this period (Jurassic) climate warming, the dinosaurs are the most advantage of the Earth's biological. 

 Figure 3-6 in the value of pushing the valuation, the former Soviet Union scientists in the Antarctic Vostok ice core is made of the ancient atmosphere containing actual samples, recorded over the past years changes in greenhouse gases. Figure 3-7 from the ice core are measured between the past 22 million years, carbon dioxide, methane content, as well as the estimated value of the temperature changes. We found that long-term changes in the three fairly consistent over the short-term change has some discrepancies. For example, 13-14 million years ago, the temperature higher than the modern climate 1-2 ℃, carbon dioxide and methane content is the highest. High levels of greenhouse gases, the greenhouse effect, and the temperature of natural increase. However, research has also pointed out that in high temperature environment, the soil biomass (biomass) faster rate of corruption, there will be more carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere from the surface; Moreover, if the marsh area increased, the surface release The methane emissions will also increase. Clearly, from Figure 3-7 can not determine the temperature and greenhouse gas content of the causal link between, but changes in the consistency of the two is no doubt. 

 Historical data from the above, we know that carbon dioxide content in the range of natural variation rather large (may be related to changes in the earth's crust, volcanic eruptions on the frequency). Since the European industrial revolution, mankind's industrial activities substantial use of fossil fuels (fossil fuel, such as coal, oil), to create a large amount of carbon dioxide, and emissions to the atmosphere. Before the industrial revolution, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has been maintained at about 280ppmv (that is, one million unit volume of gas contained in unit volume of carbon dioxide 280, Figure 3-8). After the Industrial Revolution, carbon dioxide levels increase rapidly after the 1950s, increasing faster rate until 1995 358ppmv. 

 Posterior lobe from the 18th century to 1994, carbon dioxide levels increased by 30%. These increases are mainly from the burning of fossil fuels, cement production and land use. Coal and oil in the combustion process of carbon is oxidized into carbon dioxide; limestone were used to produce cement process also release carbon dioxide; land development and utilization of not only reduced the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by plants, but also to accelerate the perishable and produces carbon dioxide. We are now used in most of the Carboniferous coal (more than 300 million years ago) for some reason the trees were buried in the strata, and gradually formed the fossils. More than 300 million years ago plants absorb solar radiation energy left behind by modern human beings in one, two hundred years between the will of the exhausted. 

 Except carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and other greenhouse gases because the increase of population, economic activity becoming more active, and the rapid increase in Figure 3-9). For example, from before the Industrial Revolution to 1994, the methane content from 700ppbv (part per billion by volume, a billionth) to 1721ppbv; nitrous oxide from 275ppbv to 311ppbv. CFC for the man-made chemicals in the 1950s before the appearance of large numbers, and then increasing rapidly. Recently, as a result of Montreal Protocol banned CFCs, and their contents are no longer in the 1990s to increase.

Greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect

Evenly blackbody radiation absorption and radiation in each band. General gas is not in bold, will selectively absorb certain bands of radiation. Many of the Earth atmospheric gases absorb hardly visible, but specialized to absorb long-wave radiation. Figure 3-3 are a variety of gases in the absorption rate band. For example, water vapor (H2O) in less than 0.8μ m band absorption rate is almost zero, but in the longer-wave part of (for example, 5μ m) the absorption rate of almost 1, which is completely absorbed. Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the wavelength greater than 15μ m above the radiation has excellent absorption rate. Oxygen (O2), ozone (O3), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), also have similar characteristics. In addition to absorbing long-wave radiation, oxygen and ozone more absorbing a large portion of the ultraviolet light, so that life on Earth immune to UV radiation poisoning . 

 These are good at absorbing long-wave radiation but do not like to absorb short-wave radiation of the gas, allowing about 50% of solar radiation through the atmosphere, surface absorption, but almost all of the surface to intercept and atmospheric radiation of energy, reduce energy loss, and then the emitted, making the surface and tropospheric temperature. If the top of the atmosphere solar radiation intensity (342 Wm-2) as 100 units, 89 units of surface absorbed from the atmosphere to the surface radiation of the long-wave radiation, is much larger than its short-wave radiation absorbed by the volume (about 50 units). At night, atmospheric long-wave radiation to radiation, so that the surface is not due to lack of solar radiation has become too cold. The impact of these gases similar agricultural greenhouse warming effect, so called greenhouse gases, their impact is called the greenhouse effect. The existence of atmospheric warming is not only the surface, but also lowered the temperature difference between day and night. 

 If we consider the radiative properties of the atmosphere, but does not consider the characteristics of the atmosphere can flow, the vertical distribution of atmospheric temperature should be the dotted line in Figure 3-4, the actual temperature distribution, compared with solid line. Comparing the two, we found that only consider the radiation balance, surface temperature much higher than the actual temperature, and the tropopause (about 10 kilometers) is too low, and therefore the vertical temperature lapse rate is far greater than the actual vertical atmospheric lapse rate. This one atmospheric state is bound to a very unstable, prone to intense convection, so that hot air rising, cold air drop, the net effect for the heat to upload. Near surface air temperature drop, high temperature increased, so that the temperature of the vertical temperature trends Figure 3-4 in the solid line. This boil water in the stove on very similar process: teapot in the rolling water, will be provided by the fire's spread the heat evenly, until all the water to reach boiling point. 

 The greenhouse effect not only occurred in the Earth, Venus and Mars, the main ingredient for the carbon dioxide atmosphere. Atmospheric greenhouse effect of Venus up to 523 ℃, the Martian atmosphere is too thin, the greenhouse effect is only 10 ℃, while the Earth's atmosphere between the two for 33 ℃ (Table 3.1). Strictly speaking, the Earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect should be 82 ℃, because if we do not consider the vertical movement of atmospheric, land surface temperature from -15 ℃ up to 67 ℃ (Figure 3-4 the dotted line). We measured the surface temperature (15 ℃) are actually adjusted by the exercise of atmospheric temperature. 

 The greenhouse effect since ancient times. Was born in the earth 46 million years ago, when the intensity of the sun only about the current 70%. Solar intensity of 1% of the change, which is equivalent to the surface temperature of 1 ~ 2 ℃ changes. Therefore, if the Earth's climate is only affected by the impact of solar radiation in the radiation balance, the ancient Earth's atmosphere should be dozens of degrees lower than at present. At that time, the earth will not be a blue, full of water planet, but a white hockey. However, none of a variety of paleoclimate data show the Earth once in such a cold climate. This is the so-called contradictions of the sun weak (weak sun paradox). Scientists found that when the newly formed earth, volcanic activity, many emitting carbon dioxide, has become the main component of the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide greenhouse effect, so a lot of atmospheric temperature. Therefore, although solar radiation is weak, but the Earth's climate is not too cold. This one with Venus and Mars similar. 

 At present, the main component of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) and a far cry from the early atmospheric composition. This is because the original biological emergence of algae, the photosynthesis, carbon dioxide release of oxygen, gradually transforming the composition of the atmosphere. Today, most of the carbon stored in the earth's crust and oceans, the atmosphere was full of oxygen. Venus and Mars, because no biological effects of early atmospheric composition is therefore retained. Scientists also found a number of times, paleoclimate Megathermal emergence are related to carbon dioxide (from volcanic eruptions) an increase. From the above discussion, we know that the greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon, but since the opening day of pangu have. As long as there is the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect may have. 

 Changes in carbon dioxide levels can affect the climate, but to create the current atmospheric temperature distribution is a major factor in water vapor. Atmospheric water vapor amount of small, only 0.5 percent less than the total mass of the atmosphere, but water is apart from the sun, the impact of biotechnology and climate biggest material. Scientists simulate the vertical distribution of atmospheric temperature and found that as long as the mode Add the actual water vapor content of the observed, simulated atmospheric vertical temperature distribution with the actual situation on the order of magnitude . If we add carbon dioxide, the temperature further enhance 10K, but does not change the temperature distribution; stratosphere (10 km) temperature with a high increase in the required addition of ozone can add analog out. This simulation, because not taken into consideration the effects of clouds, tropospheric temperature higher than a lot of observations. The study pointed out that the biggest impact of greenhouse gases are water vapor, which contributed 80% of the greenhouse effect, not only determines the vertical distribution of atmospheric temperature, but also created a warm Earth's climate. Relatively speaking, the carbon dioxide is the climate becomes warmer.

Radiation characteristics

Electromagnetic radiation is transmitted through a kind of energy. As gravity or a magnet in a vacuum can pendulum swing, the same electromagnetic wave energy having to go through any medium can be in a vacuum delivery. X-ray, ultraviolet, visible light, microwaves, radio waves are a kind of electromagnetic wave. The biggest impact of climate mostly between the ultraviolet to the infrared band, is the strongest band of solar radiation . 

 Any object are emitted radiation will be. Radiation properties of a material if compliance with the basic law of radiation (such as Pu Planck's law (Planck's law), external causes of displacement law (Wien's displacement law), law Quejido (Kirchoff 's law) and so on, referred to as blackbody (blackbody ), are ideal for one's material circumstances. blackbody absorbed all the incident radiation, is neither reflective nor penetrating radiation. blackbody radiation, one of the characteristics are the energy and temperature is proportional to the fourth (this is the law of Pu-Poulenc ). spread to the Earth's solar radiation from sunlight many balls (which are part of the naked eye to see), its temperature is about 5800K; the Earth's radiation balance temperature of 255K. If the sun and the Earth as a blackbody, solar radiation intensity radiation intensity of the Earth about 300,000 times. 

 A blackbody radiation characteristics of the material, if the higher temperature, emitted energy concentrated in the shorter wavelength band; In contrast, low temperature, energy concentrated in the longer wavelength band. This is the external causes of displacement law, which is a maximum energy of electromagnetic waves is inversely proportional to wavelength and temperature. Such as the Sun as a blackbody, the biggest part of the radiation concentrated in the visible light (wavelength of 0.4 ~ 0.7μm). Temperature of the Earth's radiation balance is well below the temperature of the sun, so the energy concentrated in the longer-wavelength infrared band (wavelength around the near 10μm). 

 From Figure 3-2, we can clearly see the sun and earth radiation energy concentrated band, a great difference between each other, overlapping part of small and very small in the energy band. We, therefore, can easily distinguish between the Sun and the Earth's radiation. Solar radiation due to a shorter wavelength, commonly known as short-wave radiation; earth radiation, relatively speaking, a longer wavelength, known as long-wave radiation.

Fear of the birth of global warming ocean fish such as dead zones difficult to survive

Research report released today shows that global warming may be causing in the marine "Dead Zones", which fish and other seafood are difficult to survive, but will continue as long as 2000 years. 
The study's author said that the world must cut carbon emissions to curb this trend, because it may be disrupting the marine ecological system, so that future generations can not obtain food from the oceans. 

According to the "natural earth sciences (Nature Geoscience)" Journal published on the Internet report, the Danish scientists established a computer model to simulate the next 10 million years of climate change in the situation. 

This mode is the core of two-to-use program, the use of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for the temperature indicators. Carbon dioxide is the main cause of global warming gases. 

Based on the situation of the worst program in 2100, when atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations will reach 1168ppm, which is about three times today's concentration. If the basis for a more optimistic pattern, then in 2100 when the concentration of carbon dioxide will be 549ppm, which is more than today's concentrations increased by about 50%. 

Relevant factors into consideration, scientists predict the worst case, the temperature may be higher than before the industrial age 5-7 degrees Celsius, and if the situation better, then the temperature will rise 2-4 degrees Celsius. 

Denmark University of Science and Technology (Technical University ofDenmark) physicist Speed Health (Jens Olaf PepkePedersen) said that no matter what kind of situation, on the marine are bad news. 

If the worst case, the ocean temperature increases, the current slowdown will lead to lower oxygen content of the oceans, resulting in the so-called "death zone", fish and shellfish and other higher forms of marine life can not survive, and may in 1500-2000 years are unable to restore.

Let the Earth's cold down

British scientists on the Earth system artificially cooling the Earth's 17 kinds of program evaluation, which is injected into the upper atmosphere billions of tons of sulfur aerosol particles to the idea of the sun obscured most effective. 

British East Anglia University of the Earth system (earth systems) scientist Tim Lenton on 17 kinds of its post-graduate program of cooling the Earth for analysis, research findings published in the latest issue of the journal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions. 

The results of the analysis showed that about half of the methods involve changing the atmosphere and Earth's surface reflectivity (reflectivity), for example, try to man-made pollution or mechanical means to change the clouds, or the use of plastic films, white deposited in the desert, urban roof. The other half way to attempt to change the Earth's carbon cycle (carbon cycle) to absorb carbon dioxide, such as planting forests on the ground, at sea to increase the algae absorb carbon dioxide, or the construction of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and stored in the ground floor of the machine. 

The researchers found that all cooling the Earth's technical proposal, when aerosol particles of sulfur (sulfur aerosols) the idea of the sun obscured most effective. The program recommends that each year injected into the upper atmosphere billions of tons of sulfur aerosol particles or other particles in the atmosphere to achieve better results than reflection reflection of energy back into space more than 1 percent, by 2050 this method years ago, may be on Climate Back to the Industrial Revolution before cooling temperature (pre-industrial temperatures), but this method is also the biggest risk, because of the added need to aerosol particles, if a sudden halt operations, will lead to rapid warming.

Arctic sea ice to start the convection?

U.S. scientists found that: long, 15 years later, the Labrador Sea in the last year (2007-2008) have a sea of deep winter convection, the formation of the North Atlantic deep water. They conjecture is likely to be in the summer of 2007, from the collapse of a large number of Arctic sea ice caused by the results of the study published in the journal Nature Geoscience. 

 Polar region of the North Atlantic is the world's climate system, an important aspect, the surface water in this release of heat, density has become larger, and the deep sea water through a mixture of continuous, convection, and has gradually formed the North Atlantic Deep Water, to become Global sea important thrust belt transmission. As a result of global warming, scientists expected the surface water temperature increased, and the Arctic melting dispelled a lot of fresh water, will be weakened or even the termination of deep sea water convection, have an impact on the global climate is just sooner or later. The latest observations show that: do not imagine that simple. 

 Woods Hole Research Institute of the U.S. marine scientists Kjetil ge-led research team analyzed the Labrador Sea and the Irminger sea float observational data, the ball can be measured from the surface to the depth of 2000m of water temperature, They found that in the 2007-2008 winter Labrador again deep under the sea surface mixed water layer, which on behalf of the North Atlantic deep water formation, and they found that the formation of deep water with the sea ice off the relationship can not. Scientists speculate: the previous year (2007) summer from the collapse of the Arctic sea ice, cut off from the northern Labrador sea and sea-surface winds from the West biting winter wind of direct contact, so the cold wind across the North Sea, straight sweep pull warmer Sea surface is not caused the water temperature here, releasing heat, the density of large and sink, and under the deep sea water mixed convection significant, so 15 years after the recurrence of the North Atlantic deep water. 

 Thus the idea that global warming will have to stop the deep convection, an over-simplistic idea. Understanding of sea water, ice and atmospheric feedback mechanisms between the complex, will be the polar regions we understand that the key to climate change,

New options to reduce the greenhouse effect: methane

The impact of methane on climate than in the past that even big! 

 Methane is a greenhouse gas and ozone in the activity of the larger, once after entering the atmosphere, it is easy to produce and other substances of chemical reaction, they are content in the atmosphere and can not reflect their "have" the impact of the atmosphere, only the representatives of and Atmospheric fully mixed reaction after the final result. If the only content to assess their actual contribution to global warming, compared to inactive greenhouse gases - carbon dioxide, caused by the error can be significant, because it is not really into the atmosphere when emissions. Current IPCC (the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change) assessment of the greenhouse effect is content to do computing model. Therefore, NASA scientist Drew Shindell led research team, was replaced by emissions do computing model, and the results published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters. 

 Research team to the 1750 observations in 1998, based on model and taking into methane, hydroxyl (OH), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide, oxygen isomers (Ox) among active substances such as chemical . According to the new computing the results of methane on warming brought about by the total effect is simply caused by methane itself 2 times. This is because the atmosphere of methane and active substances can react to generate ozone, in the tropospheric ozone is not only the greenhouse effect, will cause harm to humans. IPCC assessment report, although tropospheric ozone into the greenhouse effect, but just less methane comes from the contribution to ozone. 

 In addition, the study also found that nitrogen oxides will reduce the greenhouse effect, because the nitrogen oxides will destroy the methane, which also explained that if the atmosphere in the methane content to calculate the greenhouse effect will be relatively small. However, the increase in emissions of nitrogen oxides, is not a good way to reduce the greenhouse effect, because we do not welcome the environmental impact of acid rain. The warming capacity of methane is about 20 times that of carbon dioxide Moreover, research tells us that change in farming techniques can reduce methane emissions, so the methane will reduce the greenhouse effect in the future good choice.